A method to dissolve 3-MCPD mono- and di-esters in aqueous cell culture media
Mapa S.T. Mapa,
Magali Araujo,
Yang Zhao,
Thomas Flynn,
Jessica Sprando,
Paddy Wiesenfeld,
Robert L. Sprando,
Miriam E. Mossoba
Affiliations
Mapa S.T. Mapa
Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology (DART), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD 20708, United States
Magali Araujo
Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology (DART), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD 20708, United States
Yang Zhao
Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology (DART), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD 20708, United States
Thomas Flynn
Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology (DART), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD 20708, United States
Jessica Sprando
Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, 205 Duck Pond Road, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
Paddy Wiesenfeld
Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology (DART), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD 20708, United States
Robert L. Sprando
Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology (DART), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD 20708, United States
Miriam E. Mossoba
Division of Applied Regulatory Toxicology (DART), Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment (OARSA), Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), 8301 Muirkirk Rd., Laurel, MD 20708, United States; Corresponding author.
Fatty acid esters of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) are chemical contaminants found in a wide range of edible oils that are thermally processed during industrial manufacturing of infant formula and other lipid-containing foods in the United States. Rodent studies have unequivocally demonstrated a plethora of in vivo toxicological effects including reproductive, neurological and renal dysfunction. To determine if similar effects are observed in human organ systems, in vitro studies using human cell lines are conducted to assess concordance of the data collected. One limitation to performing such in vitro research is the extremely high hydrophobicity of 3-MCPD esters; dissolving them into aqueous cell culture media is a tremendous challenge. To address this obstacle, we developed a simple protocol to circumvent the immiscibility of 3-MCPD esters and their corresponding free fatty acids into aqueous cell culture media in order to assess the effect of these esters on epithelial cells of kidney origin in vitro.
