Beverage Consumption Patterns and Their Association with Metabolic Health in Adults from Families at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes in Europe—The Feel4Diabetes Study
Paris Kantaras,
Niki Mourouti,
Theodora Mouratidou,
Ekaterini Chatzaki,
Makrina Karaglani,
Violeta Iotova,
Natalya Usheva,
Imre Rurik,
Péter Torzsa,
Luis A. Moreno,
Stavros Liatis,
Konstantinos Makrilakis,
Yannis Manios
Affiliations
Paris Kantaras
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
Niki Mourouti
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
Theodora Mouratidou
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 72300 Sitia, Greece
Ekaterini Chatzaki
Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, University Research & Innovation Center, H.M.U.R.I.C., Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71003 Crete, Greece
Makrina Karaglani
Institute of Agri-Food and Life Sciences, University Research & Innovation Center, H.M.U.R.I.C., Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71003 Crete, Greece
Violeta Iotova
Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Varna, 9010 Varna, Bulgaria
Natalya Usheva
Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organization, Medical University of Varna, 9010 Varna, Bulgaria
Imre Rurik
Department of Family Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
Péter Torzsa
Department of Family Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1091 Budapest, Hungary
Luis A. Moreno
Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
Stavros Liatis
First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11528, Athens, Greece
Konstantinos Makrilakis
First Department of Propaedeutic Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, 11528, Athens, Greece
Yannis Manios
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
In total, 3274 adults (65.2% females) from six European countries were included in this cross-sectional analysis using data from the baseline assessment of the Feel4Diabetes study. Anthropometric, sociodemographic, dietary and behavioral data were assessed, and the existence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) was recorded. Beverage consumption patterns (BCPs) were derived via principal component analysis. Three BCPs were derived explaining 39.5% of the total variation. BCP1 was labeled as “Alcoholic beverage pattern”, which loaded heavily on high consumption of beer/cider, wine and other spirits; BCP2 was labeled as “High in sugars beverage pattern” that was mainly characterized by high consumption of soft drinks with sugar, juice containing sugar and low consumption of water; and BCP3 was labeled as “Healthy beverage pattern” that was mainly characterized by high consumption of water, tea, fruit juice freshly squeezed or prepacked without sugar and low consumption of soft drinks without sugar. After adjusting for various confounders, BCP2 was positively associated with elevated triglycerides (p = 0.001), elevated blood pressure (p = 0.001) elevated fasting glucose (p = 0.008) and the existence of MetS (p = 0.006), while BCP1 was inversely associated with reduced HDL-C (p = 0.005) and BCP3 was inversely associated with elevated blood pressure (p = 0.047). The establishment of policy actions as well as public health nutritional education can contribute to the promotion of a healthy beverage consumption.
