Assessment of Pentosidine as a Marker for Advanced Glycation End Products in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Abstract

Introduction: With Diabetes Mellitus (DM) becoming a global burden, quantifying the number of people affected, both now and in the future, is vital so that the preventive component of diabetes and its complications can be emphasised. Many studies suggest that DM associated with persistent or uncontrolled hyperglycaemia leads to the production of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPPs) resulting in various micro and macrovascular complications. Pentosidine, an AGE, is a glycated protein product formed as a result of non-enzymatic glycation, mainly Maillard reaction between plasma glucose and plasma proteins. Aim: To determine the efficacy of pentosidine as a marker for AGEs in Type 2 DM patients. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted in a tertiary care institution with approval of the institutional ethical committee August to September 2014. Forty four individuals who have been diagnosed with type 2 DM for more than five years were taken as cases and 44 healthy individuals who were age and gender matched were included as controls. The medications taken by cases were: Metformin (n=44); Glimepiride (n=26); Glibenclamide (n=7); Glipizide (n=4); and Atorvastatin (n=44). All the participants underwent routine and special (AGEs-pentosidine-ELISA) investigations. Data were analysed using the SPSS version 16 software. Results: In this study, the mean level of pentosidine (AGE) among cases was 3.073 ng/dL, and among controls was 2.682 ng/dL. Although the levels of pentosidine (AGE) was found to be higher in cases than controls, this difference among the groups was not found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: Levels of AGEs (pentosidine) in cases were higher than the controls, but not statistically significant. Although AGEs have been considered to play a role in the development of many micro and macro angiopathic complications both independently and synergistically in patients with DM, it must be conducted on a larger scale to extrapolate the results in order to assess the effectiveness of AGEs in supplementing routine investigations.

Keywords

• maillard reaction
• non-enzymatic glycation