Successful December nesting of a pair of White-throated Dippers (<i>Cinclus cinclus</i>) in Northeast Italy: the earliest ever in Europe

Abstract

A remarkably early nesting of a pair of White-throated Dipper (Cinclus cinclus) in December 2021 in northeastern Italy is reported and discussed by considering factors that may have influenced the breeding onset.

Keywords

• Cinclus cinclus
• early breeding
• nesting season
• phenology
• passerines