Magnesium Modified β-Tricalcium Phosphate Induces Cell Osteogenic Differentiation In Vitro and Bone Regeneration In Vivo

Abstract

In vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies have shown how the physicochemical and biological properties of β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) work in bone regeneration. This study aimed to improve the properties of β-TCP by achieving optimum surface and bulk β-TCP chemical/physical properties through the hydrothermal addition of magnesium (Mg) and to later establish the biocompatibility of β-TCP/Mg for bone grafting and tissue engineering treatments. Multiple in vitro and in vivo analyses were used to complete β-TCP/Mg physicochemical and biological characterization. The addition of MgO brought about a modest rise in the number of β-TCP surface particles, indicating improvements in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity on day 21 (p p p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001, and **** p ≤ 0.0001). The hydrothermal addition of MgO to the β-TCP surfaces ameliorated its biocompatibility without altering its surface roughness resulting from the elemental composition while enhancing cell viability and proliferation, inducing more bone regeneration by osteoconduction in vivo and osteoblastic differentiation in vitro.

Keywords

• β-tricalcium phosphate
• magnesium ions
• material characterization
• osteogenic differentiation
• bone regeneration
• hydrothermal synthesis