Regional analysis estimates extensive habitat impairment for the widespread, but vulnerable eastern box turtle

Abstract

Turtle populations are declining globally, yet limited attention has been directed toward understanding the conservation status of species perceived to be widespread and common. The goal of this study was to contribute to the understanding of the conservation status of the eastern box turtle (Terrapene carolina), a wide-ranging terrestrial generalist, in the northeastern United States (Maine to Virginia) by (1) characterizing relationships between occurrence and anthropogenic land use and (2) estimating the extent of land-use driven habitat impairment for the region. We used a regional dataset of occurrence records combined with pseudo-absences to develop species distribution models to first estimate the potential distribution in the northeastern United States and then predict habitat suitability within that distribution. We observed a strong positive relationship between probability of occurrence and canopy cover (within 180 m) and a strong negative relationship with hay/pasture fields (360 m), cultivated crops (180 m), impervious surface (360 m), and forest loss (since 2000; 1440 m). We estimate that approximately 51% of eastern box turtle habitat in the northeastern United States may be impaired by land use, with the majority of impairment predicted from Pennsylvania and Delaware south to Virginia. This study, in combination with previous long-term studies documenting population declines, suggests that greater attention to the conservation status of the eastern box turtle is warranted.

Keywords

• Eastern box turtle
• Terrapene carolina
• Habitat loss
• Agriculture
• Pine plantation
• Development