Sexual Dimorphism in Sex Hormone Metabolism in Human Skeletal Muscle Cells in Response to Different Testosterone Exposure

Abstract

Muscle tissue is an important target of sex steroids, and particularly, testosterone plays essential roles in muscle cell metabolism. Wide ranges of studies have reported sex differences in basal muscle steroidogenesis, and recently several genes have been identified to be regulated by androgen response elements that show innate sex differences in muscle. However, studies accounting for and demonstrating cell sexual dimorphism in vitro are still scarce and not well characterized. Here, we demonstrated the ability of 46XX and 46XY human primary skeletal muscle cells to differently activate steroidogenesis in vitro, likely related to sex-chromosome onset, and to differently induce hormone release after increasing doses of testosterone exposure. Cells were treated with testosterone at concentrations of 0.5, 2, 5, 10, 32, and 100 nmol/L for 24 h. Variations in 17β-HSD, 5α-R2, CYP-19 expression, DHT, estradiol, and androstenedione release, as well as IL6 and IL8 release, were analyzed, respectively, by RT-PCR, ELISA, and luminex-assay. Following testosterone treatments, and potentially at any concentration level, an increase in the expression of 17β-HSD, 5α-R2, and CYP-19 was observed in 46XY cells, accompanied by elevated levels of DHT, androstenedione, and IL6/IL8 release. Following the same treatment, 46XX cells exhibited an increase in 5α-R2 and CYP-19 expression, a conversion of androgens to estrogens, and a reduction in IL6 and IL8 release. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that sex-chromosome differences may influence in vitro muscle cell steroidogenesis and hormone homeostasis, which are pivotal for skeletal muscle metabolism.

Keywords

• gender dimorphism
• muscle steroidogenesis
• myokines
• sex-chromosome
• sex-related health status