Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever favouring factors virus transmission: Special focus on Iraq and neighbouring countries

Abstract

Arthropod-borne infections, known as vector-borne diseases, are a significant threat to both humans and animals. These diseases are transmitted to humans and animals through the bites of infected arthropods. In the last half century, there have been a number of unexpected viral outbreaks in Middle Eastern countries. Recently, Iraq has witnessed an outbreak of the Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever virus with high morbidity and mortality rates in humans. However, very little is known about the prevalence and distribution of CCHFV in Iraq, and therefore, it is impossible to quantify the risk of infection. CCHFV is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected ticks. However, transmission can also occur through contact with the blood or tissues of infected animals during slaughter or through contact with contaminated objects or surfaces. Accidental crushing of infected ticks can also release the virus and lead to transmission. In addition, healthcare workers and family members caring for infected individuals are at risk of infection through exposure to contaminated body fluids and aerosols. There are still many unknowns about the role that vertebrates play in the upkeep and spread of CCHFV. Critical information for our comprehension of CCHFV ecology may be gleaned through experimental studies conducted on wild animals and cattle. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to draw attention to current studies and publications that shed light on the intricate dynamic between CCHFV, vector, and host and demonstrate how biosurveillance at each stage aids in our knowledge of disease transmission, risk, and future research prospects.