BMC Medical Genomics (Aug 2023)

Prognostic factors for the outcomes of COVID-19 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants

  • Gunadi,
  • Mohamad Saifudin Hakim,
  • Hendra Wibawa,
  • Khanza Adzkia Vujira,
  • Dyah Ayu Puspitarani,
  • Endah Supriyati,
  • Ika Trisnawati,
  • Kristy Iskandar,
  • Riat El Khair,
  • Afiahayati,
  • Siswanto,
  • Yunika Puspadewi,
  • Sri Handayani Irianingsih,
  • Dwi Aris Agung Nugrahaningsih,
  • Laudria Stella Eryvinka,
  • Fadila Dyah Trie Utami,
  • Edita Mayda Devana,
  • Lanang Aditama,
  • Nathania Christi Putri Kinasih,
  • Yekti Hediningsih,
  • Nur Rahmi Ananda,
  • Marcellus,
  • Eggi Arguni,
  • Titik Nuryastuti,
  • Tri Wibawa

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12920-023-01637-1
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 16, no. 1
pp. 1 – 9

Abstract

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Abstract Background The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has replaced the previously dominant Delta variant because of high transmissibility. However, studies on the impact of the Omicron variant on the severity of COVID-19 are still limited in developing countries. Our study aimed to determine the prognostic factors for the outcomes of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and Delta variants, including age, sex, comorbidities, and smoking. Methods In this retrospective cross-sectional study, we involved 352 patients with COVID-19 from Yogyakarta and Central Java provinces, Indonesia, from May 2021 to February 2022, consisting of 164 males and 188 females. We included all patients with the PCR’s Ct value of less than 30 for further whole-genome sequencing. Results Ct value and mean age of COVID-19 patients were not significantly different between both groups (p = 0.146 and 0.273, respectively). Patients infected with Omicron (n = 139) and Delta (n = 213) variants showed similar hospitalization (p = 0.396) and mortality rates (p = 0.565). Multivariate analysis of both groups showed that older age (≥ 65 years) had a higher risk for hospitalization (OR = 3.86 [95% CI = 1.29–11.5]; p = 0.015) and fatalities (OR = 3.91 [95% CI = 1.35–11.42]; p = 0.012). In both groups, patients with cardiovascular disease had a higher risk for hospitalization (OR = 5.36 [95% CI = 1.08–26.52]; p = 0.039), whereas patients with diabetes revealed a higher risk for fatalities (OR = 9.47 [95% CI = 3.23–27.01]; p = < 0.001). Conclusions Our study shows that patients infected with Omicron and Delta variants reveal similar clinical outcomes, including hospitalization and mortality. Our findings further confirm that older age, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes are substantial prognostic factors for the outcomes of COVID-19 patients. Our findings imply that COVID-19 patients with older age, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes should be treated comprehensively and cautiously to prevent further morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, incomplete data on vaccination status hampered us from analyzing further its impact on hospitalization and mortality in our patients.

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