Potential associations between Schistosoma mansoni infection and physico-chemical characteristics and water-related human activities in Côte d’Ivoire: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis remains a public health problem, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. The disease is intimately connected to poverty and environmental factors. Our research was readily embedded into a multi-country schistosomiasis oversampling study. The aim of the study presented here was to determine the prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni and to investigate the role of water body characteristics and water-related human activities in disease transmission. Methods In August and September 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted in the western part of Côte d’Ivoire. Stool and urine samples were collected from 1602 and 1729 children aged 5–14 years, respectively, in 65 villages in the health districts of Biankouma, Ouaninou and Touba. Additionally, data were collected from direct observation of water-related activities at water bodies and interviews conducted with community leaders and health workers. The prevalence and risk factors for Schistosoma infection were assessed using generalised estimating equation models. Results The prevalence ofS. mansoni and S. haematobium were 27.4% (95% confidence interval [CI] 21.5–34.3%) and 0.1% (95% CI 0.03–0.5%), respectively. Low prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths was observed with 2.4%, 0.4% and 0.2% for hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides, respectively. At the health district level, we found S. mansoni prevalence of 34.4% (95% CI 25.0–45.3%), 34.3% (95% CI 24.0–46.2%) and 16.3% (95% CI 9.5–26.6%) for Biankouma, Ouaninou and Touba, respectively. Female and male participants were at a similar risk of infection (29.0% vs. 26.0%, odds ratio [OR]: 1.18, 95% CI 0.92–1.50). Children aged 9–14 years showed a higher prevalence than their younger counterparts aged 5–8 years (34.5% vs. 22.7%, OR: 1.80, 95% CI 1.42–2.27). High infection prevalence was observed in villages where children were washing clothes and dishes at open surface water sites and pursued recreational activities (e.g. swimming and playing in the water). The temperature, total dissolved solids and pH of water samples showed no significant association with S. mansoni infection at the village unit. Conclusions Human water-related activities such as washing clothes and playing in the water are risk factors for S. mansoni transmission. Hence, preventive chemotherapy should be combined with information, education and communication to avoid or reduce the frequency of water exposure in children as part of a comprehensive package of interventions towards elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem. Graphical Abstract

Keywords

• Côte d’Ivoire
• Physico-chemical water characteristics
• Risk factors
• Schistosoma mansoni
• Schistosomiasis
• Water contact activities