European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields (Dec 2022)
Performance of novel VUV-sensitive Silicon Photo-Multipliers for nEXO
- G. Gallina,
- Y. Guan,
- F. Retiere,
- G. Cao,
- A. Bolotnikov,
- I. Kotov,
- S. Rescia,
- A. K. Soma,
- T. Tsang,
- L. Darroch,
- T. Brunner,
- J. Bolster,
- J. R. Cohen,
- T. Pinto Franco,
- W. C. Gillis,
- H. Peltz Smalley,
- S. Thibado,
- A. Pocar,
- A. Bhat,
- A. Jamil,
- D. C. Moore,
- G. Adhikari,
- S. Al Kharusi,
- E. Angelico,
- I. J. Arnquist,
- P. Arsenault,
- I. Badhrees,
- J. Bane,
- V. Belov,
- E. P. Bernard,
- T. Bhatta,
- P. A. Breur,
- J. P. Brodsky,
- E. Brown,
- E. Caden,
- L. Cao,
- C. Chambers,
- B. Chana,
- S. A. Charlebois,
- D. Chernyak,
- M. Chiu,
- B. Cleveland,
- R. Collister,
- M. Cvitan,
- J. Dalmasson,
- T. Daniels,
- K. Deslandes,
- R. DeVoe,
- M. L. di Vacri,
- Y. Ding,
- M. J. Dolinski,
- A. Dragone,
- J. Echevers,
- B. Eckert,
- M. Elbeltagi,
- L. Fabris,
- W. Fairbank,
- J. Farine,
- Y. S. Fu,
- D. Gallacher,
- P. Gautam,
- G. Giacomini,
- C. Gingras,
- D. Goeldi,
- R. Gornea,
- G. Gratta,
- C. A. Hardy,
- S. Hedges,
- M. Heffner,
- E. Hein,
- J. Holt,
- E. W. Hoppe,
- J. Hößl,
- A. House,
- W. Hunt,
- A. Iverson,
- X. S. Jiang,
- A. Karelin,
- L. J. Kaufman,
- R. Krücken,
- A. Kuchenkov,
- K. S. Kumar,
- A. Larson,
- K. G. Leach,
- B. G. Lenardo,
- D. S. Leonard,
- G. Lessard,
- G. Li,
- S. Li,
- Z. Li,
- C. Licciardi,
- R. Lindsay,
- R. MacLellan,
- M. Mahtab,
- S. Majidi,
- C. Malbrunot,
- P. Margetak,
- P. Martel-Dion,
- L. Martin,
- J. Masbou,
- N. Massacret,
- K. McMichael,
- B. Mong,
- K. Murray,
- J. Nattress,
- C. R. Natzke,
- X. E. Ngwadla,
- J. C. Nzobadila Ondze,
- A. Odian,
- J. L. Orrell,
- G. S. Ortega,
- C. T. Overman,
- S. Parent,
- A. Perna,
- A. Piepke,
- N. Pletskova,
- J. F. Pratte,
- V. Radeka,
- E. Raguzin,
- G. J. Ramonnye,
- T. Rao,
- H. Rasiwala,
- K. Raymond,
- B. M. Rebeiro,
- G. Richardson,
- J. Ringuette,
- V. Riot,
- T. Rossignol,
- P. C. Rowson,
- L. Rudolph,
- R. Saldanha,
- S. Sangiorgio,
- X. Shang,
- F. Spadoni,
- V. Stekhanov,
- X. L. Sun,
- A. Tidball,
- T. Totev,
- S. Triambak,
- R. H. M. Tsang,
- O. A. Tyuka,
- F. Vachon,
- M. Vidal,
- S. Viel,
- G. Visser,
- M. Wagenpfeil,
- M. Walent,
- K. Wamba,
- Q. Wang,
- W. Wang,
- Y. Wang,
- M. Watts,
- W. Wei,
- L. J. Wen,
- U. Wichoski,
- S. Wilde,
- M. Worcester,
- W. H. Wu,
- X. Wu,
- L. Xie,
- W. Yan,
- H. Yang,
- L. Yang,
- O. Zeldovich,
- J. Zhao,
- T. Ziegler
Affiliations
- G. Gallina
- TRIUMF
- Y. Guan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- F. Retiere
- TRIUMF
- G. Cao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- A. Bolotnikov
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- I. Kotov
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- S. Rescia
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- A. K. Soma
- Department of Physics, Drexel University
- T. Tsang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- L. Darroch
- Physics Department, McGill University
- T. Brunner
- TRIUMF
- J. Bolster
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts
- J. R. Cohen
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts
- T. Pinto Franco
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts
- W. C. Gillis
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts
- H. Peltz Smalley
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts
- S. Thibado
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts
- A. Pocar
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts
- A. Bhat
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University
- A. Jamil
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University
- D. C. Moore
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University
- G. Adhikari
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego
- S. Al Kharusi
- Physics Department, McGill University
- E. Angelico
- Physics Department, Stanford University
- I. J. Arnquist
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- P. Arsenault
- Université de Sherbrooke
- I. Badhrees
- Department of Physics, Carleton University
- J. Bane
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts
- V. Belov
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”
- E. P. Bernard
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- T. Bhatta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky
- P. A. Breur
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- J. P. Brodsky
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- E. Brown
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- E. Caden
- Physics Department, McGill University
- L. Cao
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- C. Chambers
- Physics Department, McGill University
- B. Chana
- Department of Physics, Carleton University
- S. A. Charlebois
- Université de Sherbrooke
- D. Chernyak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama
- M. Chiu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- B. Cleveland
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University
- R. Collister
- Department of Physics, Carleton University
- M. Cvitan
- TRIUMF
- J. Dalmasson
- Physics Department, Stanford University
- T. Daniels
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, University of North Carolina at Wilmington
- K. Deslandes
- Université de Sherbrooke
- R. DeVoe
- Physics Department, Stanford University
- M. L. di Vacri
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Y. Ding
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- M. J. Dolinski
- Department of Physics, Drexel University
- A. Dragone
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- J. Echevers
- Physics Department, University of Illinois
- B. Eckert
- Department of Physics, Drexel University
- M. Elbeltagi
- Department of Physics, Carleton University
- L. Fabris
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- W. Fairbank
- Physics Department, Colorado State University
- J. Farine
- Department of Physics, Carleton University
- Y. S. Fu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- D. Gallacher
- Physics Department, McGill University
- P. Gautam
- Department of Physics, Drexel University
- G. Giacomini
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- C. Gingras
- Physics Department, McGill University
- D. Goeldi
- Department of Physics, Carleton University
- R. Gornea
- Department of Physics, Carleton University
- G. Gratta
- Physics Department, Stanford University
- C. A. Hardy
- Physics Department, Stanford University
- S. Hedges
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- M. Heffner
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- E. Hein
- Skyline College
- J. Holt
- TRIUMF
- E. W. Hoppe
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- J. Hößl
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
- A. House
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- W. Hunt
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- A. Iverson
- Physics Department, Colorado State University
- X. S. Jiang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- A. Karelin
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”
- L. J. Kaufman
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- R. Krücken
- TRIUMF
- A. Kuchenkov
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”
- K. S. Kumar
- Amherst Center for Fundamental Interactions and Physics Department, University of Massachusetts
- A. Larson
- Department of Physics, University of South Dakota
- K. G. Leach
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Colorado School of Mines
- B. G. Lenardo
- Physics Department, Stanford University
- D. S. Leonard
- IBS Center for Underground Physics
- G. Lessard
- Université de Sherbrooke
- G. Li
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- S. Li
- Physics Department, University of Illinois
- Z. Li
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego
- C. Licciardi
- Department of Physics, Carleton University
- R. Lindsay
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape
- R. MacLellan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Kentucky
- M. Mahtab
- TRIUMF
- S. Majidi
- Physics Department, McGill University
- C. Malbrunot
- TRIUMF
- P. Margetak
- TRIUMF
- P. Martel-Dion
- Université de Sherbrooke
- L. Martin
- TRIUMF
- J. Masbou
- SUBATECH, IMT Atlantique, CNRS/IN2P3, Université de Nantes
- N. Massacret
- TRIUMF
- K. McMichael
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- B. Mong
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- K. Murray
- Physics Department, McGill University
- J. Nattress
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- C. R. Natzke
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Colorado School of Mines
- X. E. Ngwadla
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape
- J. C. Nzobadila Ondze
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape
- A. Odian
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- J. L. Orrell
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- G. S. Ortega
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- C. T. Overman
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- S. Parent
- Université de Sherbrooke
- A. Perna
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University
- A. Piepke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama
- N. Pletskova
- Department of Physics, Drexel University
- J. F. Pratte
- Université de Sherbrooke
- V. Radeka
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- E. Raguzin
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- G. J. Ramonnye
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape
- T. Rao
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- H. Rasiwala
- Physics Department, McGill University
- K. Raymond
- TRIUMF
- B. M. Rebeiro
- Physics Department, McGill University
- G. Richardson
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University
- J. Ringuette
- Department of Physics, Colorado School of Mines, Colorado School of Mines
- V. Riot
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- T. Rossignol
- Université de Sherbrooke
- P. C. Rowson
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
- L. Rudolph
- Physics Department, McGill University
- R. Saldanha
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- S. Sangiorgio
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
- X. Shang
- Physics Department, McGill University
- F. Spadoni
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- V. Stekhanov
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”
- X. L. Sun
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- A. Tidball
- Department of Physics, Applied Physics and Astronomy, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- T. Totev
- Physics Department, McGill University
- S. Triambak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape
- R. H. M. Tsang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama
- O. A. Tyuka
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of the Western Cape
- F. Vachon
- Université de Sherbrooke
- M. Vidal
- Physics Department, Stanford University
- S. Viel
- Department of Physics, Carleton University
- G. Visser
- Department of Physics and CEEM, Indiana University
- M. Wagenpfeil
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
- M. Walent
- School of Natural Sciences, Laurentian University
- K. Wamba
- Skyline College
- Q. Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- W. Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Alabama
- Y. Wang
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- M. Watts
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University
- W. Wei
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- L. J. Wen
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- U. Wichoski
- Department of Physics, Carleton University
- S. Wilde
- Wright Laboratory, Department of Physics, Yale University
- M. Worcester
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- W. H. Wu
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- X. Wu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- L. Xie
- TRIUMF
- W. Yan
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- H. Yang
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- L. Yang
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego
- O. Zeldovich
- National Research Center “Kurchatov Institute”
- J. Zhao
- Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- T. Ziegler
- Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-022-11072-8
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 82,
no. 12
pp. 1 – 21
Abstract
Abstract Liquid xenon time projection chambers are promising detectors to search for neutrinoless double beta decay (0 $$\nu \beta \beta $$ ν β β ), due to their response uniformity, monolithic sensitive volume, scalability to large target masses, and suitability for extremely low background operations. The nEXO collaboration has designed a tonne-scale time projection chamber that aims to search for 0 $$\nu \beta \beta $$ ν β β of $$^{136}$$ 136 Xe with projected half-life sensitivity of $$1.35\times 10^{28}$$ 1.35 × 10 28 yr. To reach this sensitivity, the design goal for nEXO is $$\le $$ ≤ 1% energy resolution at the decay Q-value ( $$2458.07\pm 0.31$$ 2458.07 ± 0.31 keV). Reaching this resolution requires the efficient collection of both the ionization and scintillation produced in the detector. The nEXO design employs Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPMs) to detect the vacuum ultra-violet, 175 nm scintillation light of liquid xenon. This paper reports on the characterization of the newest vacuum ultra-violet sensitive Fondazione Bruno Kessler VUVHD3 SiPMs specifically designed for nEXO, as well as new measurements on new test samples of previously characterised Hamamatsu VUV4 Multi Pixel Photon Counters (MPPCs). Various SiPM and MPPC parameters, such as dark noise, gain, direct crosstalk, correlated avalanches and photon detection efficiency were measured as a function of the applied over voltage and wavelength at liquid xenon temperature (163 K). The results from this study are used to provide updated estimates of the achievable energy resolution at the decay Q-value for the nEXO design.
