Biomedicines (Oct 2021)

Evaluation of Macular Retinal Vessels and Histological Changes in Two Cases of COVID-19

  • Maria Hernandez,
  • Jorge González-Zamora,
  • Sergio Recalde,
  • Maite Moreno-Orduña,
  • Valentina Bilbao-Malavé,
  • Manuel Saenz de Viteri,
  • Manuel F. Landecho,
  • Patricia Fernandez-Robredo,
  • Alfredo García-Layana

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111546
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 9, no. 11
p. 1546

Abstract

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The purpose of this study was to assess vascular and histological alterations in two COVID-19 and three control post-mortem retinas. The macular areas of flat-mounted samples were processed for immunofluorescence. Lectin and collagen IV positive vessels were captured under confocal microscopy, and endothelium loss and tortuosity were analyzed. Expression of ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) (the receptor for SARS-CoV-2), Iba1 (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1) and GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) were quantified in retinal sections. The number of lectin vessels in COVID-19 retinas decreased by 27% compared to the control (p p p p < 0.01) in COVID-19 sections whereas no changes in GFAP were observed. Analysis of the COVID-19 macular retinal tissue suggested that endothelial cells are a preferential target of SARS-CoV-2 with subsequent changes through their ACE2 receptor expression and morphology. Thus, microglial activation was hyperactive when facing an ensuing immunological challenge after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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