The Application of Clinical Genetics (Mar 2024)
Polymorphisms in Immune Genes and Their Association with Tuberculosis Susceptibility: An Analysis of the African Population
Abstract
Wycliff Wodelo,1 Eddie M Wampande,1,2 Alfred Andama,3 David Patrick Kateete,1 Kenneth Ssekatawa4,5 1Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; 2Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; 3Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, College of Health Science, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; 4Department of Science, Technical and Vocational Education, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda; 5Africa Center Excellence in Materials Product Development and Nanotechnology (MAPRONANO ACE), Makerere University, Kampala, UgandaCorrespondence: Eddie M Wampande, Email [email protected]: Tuberculosis remains a global health concern, with substantial mortality rates worldwide. Genetic factors play a significant role in influencing susceptibility to tuberculosis. This review examines the current progress in studying polymorphisms within immune genes associated with tuberculosis susceptibility, focusing on African populations. The roles of various proteins, including Toll-like receptors, Dendritic Cell-Specific Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-3 Grabbing Non-Integrin, vitamin D nuclear receptor, soluble C-type lectins such as surfactant proteins A and D, C-type Lectin Domain Family 4 Member E, and mannose-binding lectin, phagocyte cytokines such as Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-10, Interleukin-12, and Interleukin-18, and chemokines such as Interleukin-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, Regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted are explored in the context of tuberculosis susceptibility. We also address the potential impact of genetic variants on protein functions, as well as how these findings align with the genetic polymorphisms not associated with tuberculosis. Functional studies in model systems provide insights into the intricate host-pathogen interactions and susceptibility mechanisms. Despite progress, gaps in knowledge remain, highlighting the need for further investigations. This review emphasizes the association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms with diverse aspects of tuberculosis pathogenesis, including disease detection and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection.Keywords: tuberculosis, polymorphisms, immune genes, African populations, genetic variants, Mycobacterium tuberculosis
