Rational Vaccine Design in Times of Emerging Diseases: The Critical Choices of Immunological Correlates of Protection, Vaccine Antigen and Immunomodulation
Virgil Schijns,
Dragomira Majhen,
Peter van der Ley,
Aneesh Thakur,
Artur Summerfield,
Rita Berisio,
Cristina Nativi,
Alberto Fernández-Tejada,
Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez,
Sveinbjörn Gizurarson,
Alla Zamyatina,
Antonio Molinaro,
Camillo Rosano,
Žiga Jakopin,
Ihsan Gursel,
Siobhán McClean
Affiliations
Virgil Schijns
Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Utrecht Science Park, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Dragomira Majhen
Laboratory for Cell Biology and Signalling, Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Instiute, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
Peter van der Ley
Intravacc, Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Utrecht Science Park, 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
Aneesh Thakur
Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Artur Summerfield
Institute of Virology and Immunology, 3147 Mittelhausern, Switzerland
Rita Berisio
Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, National Research Council, I-80134 Naples, Italy
Cristina Nativi
Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
Alberto Fernández-Tejada
Chemical Immunology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Biscay Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio-Bilbao, Spain
Carmen Alvarez-Dominguez
Facultativo en plantilla (Research Faculty), Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), 39011 Santander, Spain
Sveinbjörn Gizurarson
Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Iceland, 107 Reykjavik, Iceland
Alla Zamyatina
Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
Antonio Molinaro
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Santangelo, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
Camillo Rosano
Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Unit, IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova-1, Italy
Žiga Jakopin
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubiljana, Slovenia
Ihsan Gursel
Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Science Faculty, Bilkent University, Bilkent, 06800 Ankara, Turkey
Siobhán McClean
School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
Vaccines are the most effective medical intervention due to their continual success in preventing infections and improving mortality worldwide. Early vaccines were developed empirically however, rational design of vaccines can allow us to optimise their efficacy, by tailoring the immune response. Establishing the immune correlates of protection greatly informs the rational design of vaccines. This facilitates the selection of the best vaccine antigens and the most appropriate vaccine adjuvant to generate optimal memory immune T cell and B cell responses. This review outlines the range of vaccine types that are currently authorised and those under development. We outline the optimal immunological correlates of protection that can be targeted. Finally we review approaches to rational antigen selection and rational vaccine adjuvant design. Harnessing current knowledge on protective immune responses in combination with critical vaccine components is imperative to the prevention of future life-threatening diseases.
