Trends, challenges, and advances in optical sensing for pathogenic bacteria detection (PathoBactD)

Abstract

The continuous and real-time measurement of few targets that include glucose, lactose, and oxygen provide more control on disease and reduced side effects has triggered the research in biosensing field. The development of new amplification technologies, nanomaterials synthesis and gene editing technologies such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR), phages make the biosensor more sensitive, lower the detection limit and increases the accuracy. In this review, an overview of the advancement in various optical sensing techniques for the pathogenic bacteria detection (PathoBactD) having very small size of few μm is discussed in detail. Optical biosensor techniques involve fluorescence, plasmonic sensors: surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and Localized (L) SPR, colorimetric, surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and interference that include Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), Fabry-Perot and Michelson interferometer based biosensors. The new binding receptors, ligands, and advancements in physicochemical methods in nanomaterials synthesis that enhances the performance of sensor have been explored for the PathoBactD. These performance-enhanced strategies are able for the PathoBactD with high accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, low cost and small detection time. This article also summarized the various improvements in sensing techniques and different types of PathoBactD. Various limitations, difficulties and achievement to transfer the optical sensors in clinical diagnosis, wearable technologies and near-patient testing applications are discussed.

Keywords

• Optical sensing techniques
• Pathogenic bacteria
• Colorimetric
• Fluorescence
• Optical interferometers
• Plasmonic sensors