Anti-NMDAR encephalitis in association with herpes simplex virus and viral and bacterial zoonoses

Abstract

Multiple co-infections can predispose a patient to autoimmune encephalitis. Out of thirty cases of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis seen at a single tertiary referral center, only two cases of co-infection with NMDAR encephalitis were identified. One of these cases was highly interesting due to the presence of more than one co-infections along with the presence of cortical dysfunction, seizures, and orofacial dyskinesias at the onset in a male in the absence of tumors, which was refractory to initial treatment.

Keywords

• Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis
• Bartonella henselae
• Borrelia burgdorferi
• herpes simplex virus
• Japanese encephalitis virus