Insights into the organic semiconducting photosensitizers for hypoxia-tolerant type I photodynamic therapy
Xiaoming Hu,
Caijun Zhu,
Fengwei Sun,
Jin Yang,
Zejing Chen,
Haiyong Ao,
Cao Cui,
Zhen Yang,
Wei Huang
Affiliations
Xiaoming Hu
Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013 China
Caijun Zhu
Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013 China
Fengwei Sun
Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
Jin Yang
Air Force Early Warning Academy,Wuhan 430019, China
Zejing Chen
Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013 China
Haiyong Ao
Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013 China
Cao Cui
Xiangyang Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Hubei 441021, China
Zhen Yang
Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China
Wei Huang
Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, China; Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
ABSTRACT: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising approach to treat cancer and microbial infections due to its minimal invasiveness, high spatiotemporal selectivity, tissue specificity, and low toxicity. Depending on the reactive oxygen species generation mechanisms, PDT can be classified as type I and type II. To date, most reported photosensitizers are based on the type II PDT mechanism, which produces toxic singlet oxygen and requires an abundant and continuous supply of oxygen molecules. Unfortunately, in typical solid tumor microenvironments, vascular abnormalities and rapid metabolisms lead to oxygen deficiency, severely compromising type II PDT's effectiveness. To address this issue, type I PDT with less oxygen consumption has been developed as an effective way to overcome the limitations of traditional type II PDT. In this contribution, we focus on the recent advances in type I organic semiconducting photosensitizers (OSPs), including organic semiconducting small molecules, conjugated polymers, and covalent organic frameworks for advanced hypoxia-tolerant PDT. The conceptual framework and general properties of these OSPs are firstly introduced, followed by introducing OSPs with different chemical structures for type I PDT. Finally, the overall conclusion, insightful perspective, and future direction of the efforts of OSPs for advanced biological applications are outlined.
