Assessing basic motor competences, physical fitness, and executive function in 4-5-year-old children: a longitudinal study in a primary care setting

Abstract

Abstract Background To evaluate the progression of physical fitness (PF), basic motor competence (BMC), and executive function (EF) over one year in children aged 4–5 years at a health center. Methods In this longitudinal analysis, children’s BMC was evaluated using the MOBAK KG test for object and self-movement. The PREFIT Battery gauged PF through handgrip strength, standing long jump, and other fitness measures, while the Early Years Toolbox appraised EF. Results Adjustments for confounding factors showed notable improvements in BMC, particularly in object movement (OM; mean difference 0.789, p = 0.044) and self-movement (SM; mean difference 0.842, p = 0.037), with overall MOBAK scores also increasing (mean difference 1.632, p = 0.018). Enhancements in the standing long jump (mean difference 9.036 cm, p = 0.014) and EF tasks “Mr. Ant” (mean difference 0.669, p < 0.001) and “Go/No-Go” (mean difference 0.120, p < 0.001) were evident, signifying substantial BMC gains and some progress in PF and EF. Conclusion This research underscores the positive impact of regular training on BMC and PF in young children. Significant BMC development and associated improvements in PF and EF over the study period highlight the importance of structured activities in early childhood. These findings advocate for standardized training programs to enhance childhood health and encourage active lifestyles. Trial registration NCT05741879. Registered February 14, 2023, Version 1.

Keywords

• Motor skills
• Physical fitness
• Children
• Preschoolers
• Executive function