Selected Fungicides as Potential EDC Estrogenic Micropollutants in the Environment
Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć,
Urszula Wydro,
Elżbieta Wołejko,
Marcin Makuła,
Rafał Krętowski,
Monika Naumowicz,
Gabriela Sokołowska,
Lluis Serra-Majem,
Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko,
Bożena Łozowicka,
Piotr Kaczyński,
Józefa Wiater
Affiliations
Agata Jabłońska-Trypuć
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
Urszula Wydro
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
Elżbieta Wołejko
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
Marcin Makuła
Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Traugutta sq.2, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
Rafał Krętowski
Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
Monika Naumowicz
Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, Ciolkowskiego 1K Street, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
Gabriela Sokołowska
Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
Lluis Serra-Majem
Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
Marzanna Cechowska-Pasko
Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2A Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
Bożena Łozowicka
Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, Poland
Piotr Kaczyński
Institute of Plant Protection—National Research Institute, Chełmońskiego 22 Street, 15-195 Białystok, Poland
Józefa Wiater
Department of Agri-Food Engineering and Environmental Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E Street, 15-351 Białystok, Poland
An increasing level of pesticide exposition is being observed as a result of the consumption of large amounts of fruits, vegetables and grain products, which are key components of the vegetarian diet. Fungicides have been classified as endocrine-disrupting compounds, but their mechanisms of action have not yet been clarified. The effect of boscalid (B), cyprodinil (C) and iprodione (I) combined with Tamoxifen (T) and 17β-estradiol (E2) on cell viability, cell proliferation, reporter gene expression, ROS content, the cell membrane’s function, cell morphology and antioxidant enzymes gene expression in MCF-7 and T47D-KBluc cell lines were investigated. The cell lines were chosen due to their response to 17β -estradiol. The selected fungicides are commonly used in Poland to protect crops against fungi. Our results revealed that the studied fungicides caused significant increases in cell viability and proliferation, and estrogenic activity was present in all studied compounds depending on their concentrations. Oxidative stress activated uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation by inducing ROS production and by inhibiting antioxidant defense. Our findings verify that the studied fungicides could possibly exhibit endocrine-disrupting properties and exposure should be avoided.
