Thermally radiative water-based hybrid nanofluid with nanoparticles and gyrotactic microorganisms past a stretching surface with convective conditions and porous media

Abstract

The presence of nanoparticles in the pure fluid can considerably improve the heat and mass transference properties of fluid. Such types of fluids have various applications in cooling systems, heat exchangers, and thermal management system where effectual heat transfer is essential. Therefore, in this analysis, we have examined the flow of a water-based hybrid nanofluid containing copper (Cu) and alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles along with gyrotactic microorganisms on an elongated sheet. The analysis is done via the bvp4c MATLAB function in order to analyze the current model numerically by implementing convective boundary conditions. From the results obtained, we observed that greater magnetic fields and porous media decreased both primary and secondary velocities. It is detected that the greater ratio factor has a direct relation with the secondary velocity distribution while it has an indirect relation with the primary velocity distribution. The nanoparticle volume fraction distribution has been increased by the thermophoresis factor while reduced by the Schmidt number and Brownian motion factor. The greater magnetic, Brownian motion, heat source, thermal radiation factors, and thermophoresis factors have increased the heat transfer rate. The greater Schmidt number and Brownian motion factor have increased the Sherwood number while it has been reduced by the greater thermophoresis factor.

Keywords

• Nanofluid
• Hybrid nanofluid
• Porous media
• Thermal radiation
• Brownian motion
• Thermophoresis