Phenomenon of anisotropy in the group of germanic preterite-present and inchoative verbs as a factor of analytization

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to find out the influence of anisotropy on the process of analytization which causes the development of the future tense forms in the Germanic languages. The analytization of temporal (the future tense in particular) forms is connected with the separation of the initial formant in the analytical morphological temporal forms. The initial formant varies in the East, West, and North Germanic languages performing one and the same function of future time preference. Comparison of different Germanic languages gives the possibility to trace the gradual analytization of verb grammatical forms, and to find out individual group features which are characteristic for preterite-present and inchoative verbs. The subject of the research is peculiarities of the factors which cause creation of initial formants in future tense forms. On the initial stage the Proto-Germanic verb group was characterized with the feature of isotropy. The weak features of primary anisotropy appeared when preterite-present and inchoative verbs were distinguished as initial formants. Simultaneously different verb groups reflecting heterogeneization of the initial formant created the background for formant anisotropy. Heterogeneity and anisotropy are closely connected and influence each other. Primary anisotropy has biaxial feature. The first axis is based on the preterite-present group, the second one is represented in the inchoative group. This biaxial nature is preserved as a proto-background for the whole verb system. Having passed the process of gradual grammaticalization, inchoative verb group was transformed into the tense auxiliary verbs. Preterite-present verb group was heterogenized into present and past tense sub-groups. The stage of secondary heterogenization reflected secondary anisotropy with the same biaxial structure. Differentiated present and past auxiliary verb forms preserving biaxial structure got different functions strengthening heterogeneity which caused tertiary stage reflected in the tertiary anisotropy. It established confirmed forms for the future tense and the oblique mood where initial formants gained their final functional individuality. Heterogeneity and anisotropy are closely connected processes; they both are responsible for the analytical verb forms development in the Germanic languages giving a motive force to the further development of the whole verb morphological structure pushing it from the stage of isotropy to the position of anisotropy differentiating initial and final formants of analytical forms which brought spare flexibility to the verb system of the Middle and New Germanic languages. Keywords: analytization, anisotropy, inchoative verb, initial formant, grammaticalization, preterite-present verb. Information about the authors: Bondarenko Valeria Valeriivna – PhD in English Philology, Associate Professor; Associate Professor at the Department of English Philology and Intercultural Communication; Educational and Scientific Institute of Philology; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Botsman Andriy Vasylovych – PhD in English Philology, Associate Professor; Associate Professor at the Department of English Philology and Intercultural Communication; Educational and Scientific Institute of Philology; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Dmytruk Olha Victorivna – PhD in English Philology, Associate Professor; Associate Professor at the Department of English Philology and Intercultural Communication; Educational and Scientific Institute of Philology; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] REFERENCES Brugmann, K. & Delbrück, B. (1897). Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik den indogermenischen Sprachen. Strassbung: Fachbuchverlag [in German]. Helfenstein, J. (1876). Acomparative grammar of the Teutonic languages. London: MacMillan and Co. [in English]. Jellinek, M. H. & Hermann, P. (2017). Geschichte der gotischen Sprache. Berlin, Boston : De Gruyter Mouton [in German]. Kurrelmeyewr, K. (1904). The Historical Development of the forms of the Future Tense in Middle High German. Strassburg: Gross [in English]. Nevalainen, T. (2004). Three perspectives on grammaticalization: Lexico-grammar, corpora and historical sociolinguistics. Corpus Approaches, to Grammaticalization in English. Amsterdam : John Benjamins, 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1075/scl.13.03nev [in English]. Randall, W. & Jones, H. (2015). On the early origins of the Germanic preteite-presents. Transactions of the Philological Society, 113(2), 137-176 [in English]. Rauch, I. (2003). The Gothic language: grammar, genetic provenance and typology reading. New York : P. Lang [in English]. Stig, K.J. George (2018). The preterite-present: an investigation into the underlying origin process. (PhD dis., University of Aberdeen) [in English]. Tomaszewska, M. (2019). The investigation of surviving English preterite-present verbs (ōgan, cunnan, durran, magan, mōtan, sculan): a corpus-based study. (PhD dis., Uniwersyte Warszawski) [in English]. Voyles, J.B. (1992). Early Germanic Grammar: Pre-, Proto-, and Past-Germanic Languages. San Diego, California: Academic Press [in English]. Welke, K. (2005). Tempus im Deutschen. Rekonstruktion eines semantischen Systems. Berlin, Ney York: Walter de Gruyter [in German]. Wessèn, E. (1956). Svenska språkhistoria. Grundlinjer till en historisk syntax. Stockholm: Academiska Bokhandeln. RESOURSES Chauc. – Chaucer, J. (1952) The Complete Works. Ed. By W. Skeat. Oxford : Oxford University Press. Gret. – Grettis Saga. Asmundansonar. Islenzk Fornrit. Bd. 7 : Reykjavik, 1936. Hav. – Edda. Die Lieder des Codex Regius nebst verwandten Denkmälern. Hrsg. Von G. Neckel, 4. Umgearb. Aufl. Von H. Kuhn. Heidelberg, 1962. H.B. – The Holy Bible. London, 1634. H.H. – Bruder David von Augsburg. Deutsche Mysticker des vierzehnten Jahrn, Bd. 1. Göttingen, 1906–1907. J. – Skeat, W. W. (1871–1887). The Lindisfare Gospel. The Holy Gospel, in Anglo-Saxon, Northumbrian and Old Mercian Versian. Cambridge: MacMillan and Co. Njάl. – Njάls Saga. Reykjavi'k, 1944. Wyclif – Forshall, J. & Madden, F. (1850). The Holy Bible in the Earliest English Versions Made from the Latin Vulgate. Oxford : Oxford University Press.