An Observational and Modeling Study of Inverse‐Temperature Layer and Water Surface Heat Flux

Abstract

Abstract An “inverse‐temperature layer” (ITL) of water temperature increasing with depth is predicted based on physical principles and confirmed by in situ observations. Water temperature and other meteorological data were collected from a fixed platform in the middle of a shallow inland lake. The ITL persists year‐around with its depth on the order of one m varying diurnally and seasonally and shallower during daytimes than nighttimes. Water surface heat flux derived from the ITL temperature distribution follows the diurnal cycle of solar radiation up to 300 W m−2 during daytime and down to 50 W m−2 during nighttime. Solar radiation attenuation in water strongly influences the ITL dynamics and water surface heat flux. Water surface heat flux simulated by two non‐gradient models independent of temperature gradient, wind speed and surface roughness using the data of surface temperature and solar radiation is in close agreement with the ITL based estimates.

Keywords

• water temperature distribution
• surface energy budget
• water surface heat flux
• heat storage
• diurnal and seasonal cycle
• non‐gradient models