Molecular Characterization of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep and Goats: A Systematic Review
Paola Gobbi,
Silvia Pavone,
Massimiliano Orso,
Fabrizio Passamonti,
Cecilia Righi,
Maria Serena Beato,
Francesco Feliziani,
Monica Giammarioli
Affiliations
Paola Gobbi
National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant Retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
Silvia Pavone
National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant Retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
Massimiliano Orso
Office for Research Management, Special Projects, Cooperation and Twinning, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
Fabrizio Passamonti
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy
Cecilia Righi
National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant Retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
Maria Serena Beato
National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant Retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
Francesco Feliziani
National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant Retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
Monica Giammarioli
National Reference Laboratory for Ruminant Retroviruses, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Umbria e delle Marche “Togo Rosati” (IZSUM), Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs) are responsible for chronic and progressive multisystemic clinical forms, which significantly reduce flocks’ productivity and have a considerable economic impact on the small ruminant industry. Due to the increase in genetic analysis studies and the potential for misclassification of certain strains, owing to the high genetic variability of these viruses, a systematic review was deemed necessary. This review explores the types of matrices used for molecular detection and phylogenetic studies, the genomic regions selected as targets, and the software utilized for phylogenetic analysis, assessing the geographical distribution of identified genotypes and subgenotypes over time. A thorough comparison of the diagnostic approaches highlights the strengths and limitations of each method, identifying gaps that need to be addressed. Additionally, recombination events and compartmentalization are examined to provide an updated, detailed, and comprehensive overview of SRLV phylogenesis.
