Association between the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease

Abstract

Background Nutrition and immunity play an important role in many chronic diseases. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) has been proposed as a comprehensive indicator of an individual’s immune and nutritional status. However, there is a lack of evidence regarding the association between the PNI and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods We used National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2001–2014 for participants with CKD. Mortality data were obtained from the National Death Index and matched to NHANES participants. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios for all-cause mortality.Results: The patients were 72.5 ± 9.8 years old, and 47.57% were male. The median follow-up was 58 months, and the mortality rate in patients with CKD was 30.27%. A higher PNI protected against all-cause mortality in patients with CKD, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 0.98 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.97–0.99). After grouping according to PNI quartiles, statistically significant between-group differences were observed in survival probabilities. The aHR for the lowest PNI quartile compared to the highest PNI quartile was 1.64 (95% CI: 1.26–2.14). Sensitivity analysis further supported this association. Restricted cubic spline analysis revealed an L-shaped association between the PNI and all-cause mortality in patients with CKD, with a critical value of 50.5.Conclusions The PNI is a protective factor in patients with CKD, with an L-shaped decrease in all-cause mortality with an increasing PNI.

Keywords

• Prognostic nutritional index (PNI)
• all-cause mortality
• chronic kidney disease
• national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES)