Environmental and occupational determinants of myelodysplastic syndrome: A case–control study from Pakistan

Abstract

Abstract Background Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are heterogeneous group of haematopoietic stem cell disorders and have variable reduction in the production of red cells, platelets and mature granulocytes. Aim We conducted a case–control study evaluating the environmental and occupational determinants as risk factors of MDS. Methods A case–control study was conducted including 150 de novo MDS cases and 450 age and gender‐matched controls. Disease characteristics, sociodemographics and exposure to environmental and occupational determinants were collected through a questionnaire. Chi‐square test was applied to observe association, and binary logistic regression was applied to predict the odds of having MDS. Results A total of 600 participants were analysed. Those who were exposed to arsenic (OR 31.81, CI: 19.0–53.0, P‐value: .000), benzene (OR 1.564, CI: 1.07–2.27, P‐value: .01) using natural source of water (OR 3.563, CI: 2.29–5.53, P‐value: .000) and smokers (OR 3.1, P‐value: .000) were more likely to have MDS. Unmarried were less likely to acquire MDS than married (OR 0.239, CI: 0.15–0.36, P‐value: .000), Sindhi speaking were 1.419 times more likely to have MDS than participants speaking other languages. Uneducated participants were more likely to have MDS than educated and powder milk users were more likely to have MDS than dairy milk users. Conclusion Our results revealed that arsenic, use of natural source of water and benzene exposure might lead to higher risk of acquiring MDS. This study would be helpful to understand the aetiology of disease in Pakistani population.

Keywords

• environmental exposure
• myelodysplastic syndromes
• occupational exposure
• Pakistan
• risk