Recent Advances in Manufacturing Innovative Stents
Natalia Beshchasna,
Muhammad Saqib,
Honorata Kraskiewicz,
Łukasz Wasyluk,
Oleg Kuzmin,
Oana Cristina Duta,
Denisa Ficai,
Zeno Ghizdavet,
Alexandru Marin,
Anton Ficai,
Zhilei Sun,
Vladimir F. Pichugin,
Joerg Opitz,
Ecaterina Andronescu
Affiliations
Natalia Beshchasna
Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche-Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
Muhammad Saqib
Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche-Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
Honorata Kraskiewicz
Balton Sp. z o.o. Modlińska 294, 03-152 Warsaw, Poland
Łukasz Wasyluk
Balton Sp. z o.o. Modlińska 294, 03-152 Warsaw, Poland
Oleg Kuzmin
VIP Technologies, Prospect Academicheskiy 8/2, 634055 Tomsk, Russia
Oana Cristina Duta
Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Denisa Ficai
Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Zeno Ghizdavet
Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Alexandru Marin
Department of Hydraulics, Hydraulic Machinery and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Power Engineering, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Anton Ficai
Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Zhilei Sun
Research School of High-Energy Physics, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
Vladimir F. Pichugin
Research School of High-Energy Physics, Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Avenue 30, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
Joerg Opitz
Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Maria-Reiche-Str. 2, 01109 Dresden, Germany
Ecaterina Andronescu
Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Spl. Independentei 313, 060042 Bucharest, Romania
Cardiovascular diseases are the most distributed cause of death worldwide. Stenting of arteries as a percutaneous transluminal angioplasty procedure became a promising minimally invasive therapy based on re-opening narrowed arteries by stent insertion. In order to improve and optimize this method, many research groups are focusing on designing new or improving existent stents. Since the beginning of the stent development in 1986, starting with bare-metal stents (BMS), these devices have been continuously enhanced by applying new materials, developing stent coatings based on inorganic and organic compounds including drugs, nanoparticles or biological components such as genes and cells, as well as adapting stent designs with different fabrication technologies. Drug eluting stents (DES) have been developed to overcome the main shortcomings of BMS or coated stents. Coatings are mainly applied to control biocompatibility, degradation rate, protein adsorption, and allow adequate endothelialization in order to ensure better clinical outcome of BMS, reducing restenosis and thrombosis. As coating materials (i) organic polymers: polyurethanes, poly(ε-caprolactone), styrene-b-isobutylene-b-styrene, polyhydroxybutyrates, poly(lactide-co-glycolide), and phosphoryl choline; (ii) biological components: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-CD34 antibody and (iii) inorganic coatings: noble metals, wide class of oxides, nitrides, silicide and carbide, hydroxyapatite, diamond-like carbon, and others are used. DES were developed to reduce the tissue hyperplasia and in-stent restenosis utilizing antiproliferative substances like paclitaxel, limus (siro-, zotaro-, evero-, bio-, amphi-, tacro-limus), ABT-578, tyrphostin AGL-2043, genes, etc. The innovative solutions aim at overcoming the main limitations of the stent technology, such as in-stent restenosis and stent thrombosis, while maintaining the prime requirements on biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical behavior. This paper provides an overview of the existing stent types, their functionality, materials, and manufacturing conditions demonstrating the still huge potential for the development of promising stent solutions.
