Nature and Science of Sleep (Nov 2020)
Sleep-disordered breathing and comorbidities: role of the upper airway and craniofacial skeleton
Abstract
Lucy Charlotte Brennan,1 Fenella Jane Kirkham,1– 3 Johanna Cristine Gavlak2 1Developmental Neurosciences Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; 2Department of Child Health, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; 3Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UKCorrespondence: Fenella Jane KirkhamDevelopmental Neurosciences Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UKTel +44 207 905 4114Email [email protected]: Obstructive sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), which includes primary snoring through to obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), may cause compromise of respiratory gas exchange during sleep, related to transient upper airway narrowing disrupting ventilation, and causing oxyhemoglobin desaturation and poor sleep quality. SDB is common in chronic disorders and has significant implications for health. With prevalence rates globally increasing, this condition is causing a substantial burden on health care costs. Certain populations, including people with sickle cell disease (SCD), exhibit a greater prevalence of OSAS. A review of the literature provides the available normal polysomnography and oximetry data for reference and documents the structural upper airway differences between those with and without OSAS, as well as between ethnicities and disease states. There may be differences in craniofacial development due to atypical growth trajectories or extramedullary hematopoiesis in anemias such as SCD. Studies involving MRI of the upper airway illustrated that OSAS populations tend to have a greater amount of lymphoid tissue, smaller airways, and smaller lower facial skeletons from measurements of the mandible and linear mental spine to clivus. Understanding the potential relationship between these anatomical landmarks and OSAS could help to stratify treatments, guiding choice towards those which most effectively resolve the obstruction. OSAS is relatively common in SCD populations, with hypoxia as a key manifestation, and sequelae including increased risk of stroke. Combatting any structural defects with appropriate interventions could reduce hypoxic exposure and consequently reduce the risk of comorbidities in those with SDB, warranting early treatment interventions.Keywords: obstructive sleep apnea, sickle cell, polysomnography, desaturation, MRI, airway, adenoids
