Cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the Pregnancy Experience Scale–Brief version (PES-Brief) in Pakistani women with antenatal anxiety symptoms

Abstract

Background: Pregnancy experiences influence fetal and birth outcomes. There is scarcity of locally validated tools to assess pregnancy experiences. We aimed to validate the Pregnancy Experience Scale-Brief (PES-Brief) in pregnant Pakistani women with anxiety symptoms. Methods: A two-step process was used including 1) adaptation via translation/back-translation followed by cognitive interviewing with 10 participants and 2) factor analysis and validation with 605 women in Rawalpindi Pakistan who had mild-moderate symptoms of anxiety, attended the antenatal clinic, and were ≤22 weeks of gestation and ≥18 years old. We calculated internal consistency and reliability and conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results: Cultural adaptation led to inclusion of one item of the hassles subscale and exclusion of one item in the uplifts subscale, resulting in 9 uplifts and 11 hassles. Exploratory factor analysis supported a two-factor structure, with the adapted items exhibiting loading values of ≥0.24 for their respective factors. Internal consistency was demonstrated for uplifts (Cronbach’s alpha ​= ​0.89) and hassles (Cronbach’s alpha ​= ​0.85) subscales. Uplift intensity was moderately correlated with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety subscale (r ​= ​0.54, 95% CI:0.30–0.77). Conclusion: The Urdu PES-Brief is a reliable and valid tool for use in Pakistani pregnant women with antenatal anxiety. Future studies on its validity are needed on women without symptoms anxiety.

Keywords

• Cultural adaptation
• PES-Brief
• Pregnancy experience
• Factor analysis
• Psychometrics
• Validation