Liver‐Inspired Polyetherketoneketone Scaffolds Simulate Regenerative Signals and Mobilize Anti‐Inflammatory Reserves to Reprogram Macrophage Metabolism for Boosted Osteoporotic Osseointegration

Abstract

Abstract Tissue regeneration is regulated by morphological clues of implants in bone defect repair. Engineered morphology can boost regenerative biocascades that conquer challenges such as material bioinertness and pathological microenvironments. Herein, a correlation between the liver extracellular skeleton morphology and the regenerative signaling, namely hepatocyte growth factor receptor (MET), is found to explain the mystery of rapid liver regeneration. Inspired by this unique structure, a biomimetic morphology is prepared on polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) via femtosecond laser etching and sulfonation. The morphology reproduces MET signaling in macrophages, causing positive immunoregulation and optimized osteogenesis. Moreover, the morphological clue activates an anti‐inflammatory reserve (arginase‐2) to translocate retrogradely from mitochondria to the cytoplasm due to the difference in spatial binding of heat shock protein 70. This translocation enhances oxidative respiration and complex II activity, reprogramming the metabolism of energy and arginine. The importance of MET signaling and arginase‐2 in the anti‐inflammatory repair of biomimetic scaffolds is also verified via chemical inhibition and gene knockout. Altogether, this study not only provides a novel biomimetic scaffold for osteoporotic bone defect repair that can simulate regenerative signals, but also reveals the significance and feasibility of strategies to mobilize anti‐inflammatory reserves in bone regeneration.

Keywords

• arginase‐2
• biomimetic surface modification
• macrophage metabolic reprogramming
• osseointegration
• polyetherketoneketone