Development of a multidomain gender norm attitude scale for youth in Bangladesh

Abstract

Objective: Gender norms shape individuals’ perceptions and behaviours, particularly concerning health outcomes. However, the lack of comprehensive gender norm attitude measures in low- and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh, impedes gender-transformative efforts. This study introduces the Multidomain Gender Norm Attitude Scale (M−GNAS) to evaluate gender norm attitudes among Bangladeshi youths. Method: Three sequential studies were conducted in Bangladesh in 2022 to develop the M−GNAS. Study 1 engaged 124 participants in focus group discussions, generating a 40-item pool reflecting prevalent gender norms. Study 2 involved 1374 youths (mean age 26.82, SD 5.50) to finalise the M−GNAS items and explore its latent structure through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Study 3, with 1416 participants of similar age, used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess structural validity and structural equation modelling to evaluate measurement invariance (MI) across genders. Results: EFA identified a four-domain solution with 13 items: gender-appropriate behaviour, family financial decisions, family responsibility, and career choice. CFA supported this four-domain solution (CFI=0.96, TLI=0.95; RMSEA=0.07; SRMR=0.04). MI across gender was well established (CFI & TLI>0.95, RMSEA≤0.06, SRMR<0.6). Higher education was associated with more egalitarian attitudes (F (5, 1408) = 7.25, p < 0.001), supporting the scale’s construct validity. Conclusion: The M−GNAS is a psychometrically robust tool for assessing youths’ attitudes toward prevalent gender norm domains in Bangladesh. It holds the potential for contributing to gender-transformative programmes and could be applied in similar initiatives across developing nations, contingent upon appropriate validation.

Keywords

• Gender norms
• Gender equality
• Scale construction
• Youths
• Bangladesh