Eicosapentaenoic Acid Ameliorates Cardiac Fibrosis and Tissue Inflammation in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Abstract

Hypertension affects 1 in 3 adults in the United States and leads to left ventricular (LV) concentric hypertrophy, interstitial fibrosis, and increased stiffness. The treatment of cardiac fibrosis remains challenging and empiric. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that is highly effective in reducing cardiovascular events in patients and cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in animals when administered before pressure overload by promoting the increase of anti-inflammatory M1 macrophages. In this study, we investigated whether EPA mitigates the exacerbation of cardiac remodeling and fibrosis induced by established hypertension, a situation that closely recapitulates a clinical scenario. Twelve-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats were randomized to eat an EPA-enriched or control diet for 20 weeks. We report that rats eating the EPA-enriched diet exhibited a reduction of interstitial cardiac fibrosis and ameliorated LV diastolic dysfunction despite the continuous increase in blood pressure. However, we found that EPA did not have an impact on cardiac hypertrophy. Interestingly, the EPA diet increased mRNA expression of M2 macrophage marker Mrc1 and interleukin-10 in cardiac tissue. These findings indicated that the antifibrotic effects of EPA are mediated in part by phenotypic polarization of macrophages toward anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and increases of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10. In summary, EPA prevents the exacerbation of cardiac fibrosis and LV diastolic dysfunction during sustained pressure overload. EPA could represent a novel treatment strategy for hypertensive cardiomyopathy.

Keywords

• dietary fat
• cytokines
• macrophages
• omega-3 fatty acids
• cardiac remodeling
• cardiac hypertrophy