Fire incidence along an elevation gradient in the mountains of central Argentina

Abstract

In mountain ecosystems, vegetation distribution along elevation has been traditionally interpreted in terms of the decreasing temperature from base to top, but wildfires may co-vary with the elevation gradient, also playing an important role. In the mountains of central Argentina (500-2800 m a. s. l.) wildfires are one of the main disturbances, which may have an important role in shaping vegetation dynamics along elevation. However, to date, no study described the fire pattern along the elevation gradient. We compared fire incidence among five elevation intervals using an 18-year spatially explicit fire database derived from remote sensing. For each interval, we discarded unburnable areas and calculated fire incidence per year as the percentage of burned area. Fire incidence showed a hump-shaped pattern along the elevation gradient. The highest fire incidence occurred at intermediate elevations, in the 1301-1700 m and 901-1300 m intervals, with averages of 3.2 and 2.7% of the area being burned annually, respectively. The lowest fire incidence occurred at the lowest interval (500-900 m), with 1.3% being burned annually on average. The greater fire incidence observed at intermediate elevations is consistent with a sharp increase in the cover of grasslands above 900 m a. s. l., with an associated reduction in forest occupation. Towards higher elevations, the lower fire incidence is consistent with the presence of topographic breaks, greater proportion of unburnable surfaces that work as firebreaks and moister conditions. The greater fire incidence observed at intermediate elevations may be limiting forest expansion in those areas. At higher elevations the low forest cover may be explained by a combination of fire and livestock pressure. Our study is the first to show how fire incidence varies along the complete elevation gradient, bringing an important tool to understand vegetation distribution and plan future conservation and restoration strategies

Keywords

• fire-vegetation patterns
• fire frequency
• forest
• grassland
• landscape ecology
• remote sensing