Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity (Nov 2023)
Precision Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Utility and Limitations
Abstract
Raffaele Galiero,1,* Alfredo Caturano,1,* Erica Vetrano,1 Marcellino Monda,2 Raffaele Marfella,1 Celestino Sardu,1 Teresa Salvatore,3 Luca Rinaldi,1 Ferdinando Carlo Sasso1 1Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy; 2Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy; 3Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Ferdinando Carlo Sasso, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples, Italy, Tel/Fax +39 0815665010, Email [email protected]: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most widespread diseases in Western countries, and its incidence is constantly increasing. Epidemiological studies have shown that in the next 20 years. The number of subjects affected by T2DM will double. In recent years, owing to the development and improvement in methods for studying the genome, several authors have evaluated the association between monogenic or polygenic genetic alterations and the development of metabolic diseases and complications. In addition, sedentary lifestyle and socio-economic and pandemic factors have a great impact on the habits of the population and have significantly contributed to the increase in the incidence of metabolic disorders, obesity, T2DM, metabolic syndrome, and liver steatosis. Moreover, patients with type 2 diabetes appear to respond to antihyperglycemic drugs. Only a minority of patients could be considered true non-responders. Thus, it appears clear that the main aim of precision medicine in T2DM is to identify patients who can benefit most from a specific drug class more than from the others. Precision medicine is a discipline that evaluates the applicability of genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors to disease development. In particular, it evaluated whether these factors could affect the development of diseases and their complications, response to diet, lifestyle, and use of drugs. Thus, the objective is to find prevention models aimed at reducing the incidence of pathology and mortality and therapeutic personalized approaches, to obtain a greater probability of response and efficacy. This review aims to evaluate the applicability of precision medicine for T2DM, a healthcare burden in many countries.Keywords: type 2 diabetes mellitus, precision medicine, risk factors, genomic, environmental factors, drugs
