Cardenolides metabolism and genetic transformation of <em>Digitalis</em>. Potentialities and challenges

Abstract

Cardenolides are secondary metabolites produced by plants of the genus Digitalis. These are widely used in treatments of congestive heart failure. Failed attempts to obtain suitable cardenolide levels from in vitro culture of Digitalis plants have pointed genetic transformation as a promising strategy to obtain highly productive plants. Transformation systems have been already developed for Digitalis minor and Digitalis lanata to achieve this aim, whereas related investigations have been done in other species of the same genus. Selection of candidate genes for transformation depends on the analysis of the cardenolide biosynthesis pathway. The latter is partially established, from phytosterol oxidative degradation to progesterone reduction. Many authors point this reaction as the first specific key step of the pathway. However, the recent discovery of two genes encoding this enzyme activity in Digitalis purpurea, with different expression patterns, calls this statement into question. Pathway flexibility and possible connections with other hormone-related processes imply an additional challenge in this regard. Therefore, functional studies of these genes and their signaling pathways are required to improve design Digitalis transformation strategies, maximizing cardenolide productivity as well as minimizing hazardous side effects on transformed plants viability. Key words: cardiotonic glycosides, progesterone 5-â reductase, metabolic engineering.