Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology (May 2022)
Mycoplasmas as Host Pantropic and Specific Pathogens: Clinical Implications, Gene Transfer, Virulence Factors, and Future Perspectives
- Ali Dawood,
- Ali Dawood,
- Ali Dawood,
- Ali Dawood,
- Samah Attia Algharib,
- Samah Attia Algharib,
- Samah Attia Algharib,
- Gang Zhao,
- Gang Zhao,
- Gang Zhao,
- Gang Zhao,
- Tingting Zhu,
- Tingting Zhu,
- Tingting Zhu,
- Tingting Zhu,
- Mingpu Qi,
- Mingpu Qi,
- Mingpu Qi,
- Mingpu Qi,
- Kong Delai,
- Kong Delai,
- Zhiyu Hao,
- Zhiyu Hao,
- Zhiyu Hao,
- Zhiyu Hao,
- Marawan A. Marawan,
- Marawan A. Marawan,
- Ihsanullah Shirani,
- Ihsanullah Shirani,
- Aizhen Guo,
- Aizhen Guo,
- Aizhen Guo,
- Aizhen Guo
Affiliations
- Ali Dawood
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Ali Dawood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Ali Dawood
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Egypt
- Ali Dawood
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Samah Attia Algharib
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Samah Attia Algharib
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, HZAU, Wuhan, China
- Samah Attia Algharib
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
- Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Gang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Gang Zhao
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Gang Zhao
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Tingting Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Tingting Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Tingting Zhu
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Tingting Zhu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Mingpu Qi
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Mingpu Qi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Mingpu Qi
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Mingpu Qi
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Kong Delai
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Kong Delai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Zhiyu Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Zhiyu Hao
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Zhiyu Hao
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Marawan A. Marawan
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Marawan A. Marawan
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
- Ihsanullah Shirani
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Ihsanullah Shirani
- Para-Clinic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jalalabad, Afghanistan
- Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, (HZAU), Wuhan, China
- Aizhen Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Aizhen Guo
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Aizhen Guo
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.855731
- Journal volume & issue
-
Vol. 12
Abstract
Mycoplasmas as economically important and pantropic pathogens can cause similar clinical diseases in different hosts by eluding host defense and establishing their niches despite their limited metabolic capacities. Besides, enormous undiscovered virulence has a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of pathogenic mycoplasmas. On the other hand, they are host-specific pathogens with some highly pathogenic members that can colonize a vast number of habitats. Reshuffling mycoplasmas genetic information and evolving rapidly is a way to avoid their host’s immune system. However, currently, only a few control measures exist against some mycoplasmosis which are far from satisfaction. This review aimed to provide an updated insight into the state of mycoplasmas as pathogens by summarizing and analyzing the comprehensive progress, current challenge, and future perspectives of mycoplasmas. It covers clinical implications of mycoplasmas in humans and domestic and wild animals, virulence-related factors, the process of gene transfer and its crucial prospects, the current application and future perspectives of nanotechnology for diagnosing and curing mycoplasmosis, Mycoplasma vaccination, and protective immunity. Several questions remain unanswered and are recommended to pay close attention to. The findings would be helpful to develop new strategies for basic and applied research on mycoplasmas and facilitate the control of mycoplasmosis for humans and various species of animals.
Keywords