On the boundedness of the solution set for the ψ-Caputo fractional pantograph equation with a measure of non-compactness via simulation analysis

Abstract

A large number of physical phenomena can be described and modeled by differential equations. One of these famous models is related to the pantograph, which has been investigated in the history of mathematics and physics with different approaches. Optimizing the parameters involved in the pantograph is very important due to the task of converting the type of electric current in the relevant circuit. For this reason, it is very important to use fractional operators in its modeling. In this work, we will investigate the existence of the solution for the fractional pantograph equation by using a new $ \psi $-Caputo operator. The novelty of this work, in addition to the $ \psi $-Caputo fractional operator, is the use of topological degree theory and numerical results from simulations. Techniques in fixed point theory and the use of inequalities will also help to prove the main results. Finally, we provide two examples with some graphical and numerical simulations to make our results more objective. Our data indicate that the boundedness of the solution set for the desired problem depends on the choice of the $ \psi(\kappa) $ function.

Keywords

• pantograph equation
• fixed-point theory
• topological degree theory
• $ \psi $-caputo derivative
• measure of non-compactness