Aspectos técnicos da monitorização da pressão intracraniana pelo método subaracnóideo no traumatismo craniencefálico grave Technical aspects of intracranial pressure monitoring by subarachnoid method in severe head injury

Abstract

Foram analisados prospectivamente 206 pacientes com traumatismo craniencefálico (TCE) grave (8 pontos ou menos na Escala de Coma de Glasgow), internados na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Após avaliação por tomografia computadorizada de crânio (TC), 72 pacientes necessitaram de tratamento neurocirúrgico. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à monitorização contínua da pressão intracraniana (PIC) pelo método subaracnóideo (11 com parafuso metálico e 195 com cateter plástico). Os níveis de PIC foram registrados continuamente na tela do monitor, sendo os seus valores de final de hora anotados em ficha padronizada. Todos os pacientes foram tratados segundo um protocolo orientado pelos níveis da PIC. Não foram observadas complicações hemorrágicas ou hematomas intracranianos relacionados ao método de monitorização em TC de controle. Para controle de infecções intracranianas, foram colhidas amostras de líquido cefalorraquidiano através de punção lateral C1-C2 em 66 pacientes com PIC abaixo de 20 mm Hg, sendo positivas as culturas para Acinetobacter sp em 2 pacientes. O resultado final na alta hospitalar mostrou 75 (36,40%) óbitos e 131 (63,6%) sobreviventes. Os níveis de PIC influenciaram significativamente o resultado final (pTwo hundred and six patients with severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale of 8 points or less after nonsurgical resuscitation on admission), managed at Intensive Care Unit-Hospital das Clínicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas were prospectively analysed. All patients were assessed by CT scan and 72 required neurosurgical intervention. All patients were continuously monitored to evaluate intracranial pressure (ICP) levels by a subarachnoid device (11 with subarachnoid metallic bolts and 195 with subarachnoid polyvinyl catheters). The ICP levels were continuously observed in the bedside pressure monitor display and their end-hour values were recorded in a standard chart. The patients were managed according to a standard protocol guided by the ICP levels. There were no intracranial haemorrhagic complications or hematomas due the monitoring method. Sixty six patients were punctured by lateral C1-C2 technique to assess infectious complications and 2 had positive cerebrospinal fluid samples for Acinetobacter sp. The final results measured at hospital discharge showed 75 deaths (36,40%) and 131 (63,60%) survivors. ICP levels had significantly influenced the final results (p<0,001). The subarachnoid method to continuously assess the ICP levels was considered aplicable, safe, simple, low cost and useful to advise the management of the patients. The ICP record methodology was practical and useful. Despite the current technical advances the subarachnoid method was considered viable to assess the ICP levels in severe head injury.

Keywords

• traumatismo craniencefálico
• pressão intracraniana
• escala de coma de Glasgow
• coma
• head injury
• intracranial pressure
• Glasgow coma scale
• coma