Gender differences in changes in alcohol consumption achieved by free provision of non-alcoholic beverages: a secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Abstract Background We recently demonstrated that a 12-week intervention consisting of the provision of free non-alcoholic beverages reduced alcohol consumption in excessive drinkers for 8 weeks after the intervention. However, gender differences in this effect were not explored. Thus, this secondary analysis investigated gender differences in the influence of non-alcoholic beverage provision on alcohol consumption. Methods Individuals who frequently drank excessively (at least 40 g/day in men and 20 g/day in women) and who were not diagnosed with alcoholism were recruited. Participants were randomized into the intervention or control group by simple randomization using a random number table. In the intervention group, free non-alcoholic beverages were provided once every 4 weeks for 12 weeks (three times in total). The consumption of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages was calculated based on a drinking diary submitted with the previous 4 weeks’ of data. In this study, we compared the longitudinal changes in alcohol consumption between genders in both groups. Results The provision of non-alcoholic beverages significantly reduced alcohol consumption in both genders; however, significant differences in alcohol consumption between the control and intervention groups were observed only in men. The average alcohol consumption during the intervention fell below the level associated with a high risk of non-communicable diseases in men (32.7 g/day), but not in women (24.8 g/day). Correlation coefficient analysis showed that replacing alcoholic beverages with the provided non-alcoholic beverages resulted in different drinking patterns according to gender. The percent changes in the consumption of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages relative to baseline levels did not differ between genders. Conclusions Our results suggest that the provision of non-alcoholic beverages reduced alcohol consumption irrespective of gender. Of note, providing non-alcoholic beverages might be particularly useful for reducing high-risk alcohol consumption in male excessive drinkers. Trial registration UMIN UMIN000047949. Registered 4 June 2022.

Keywords

• Non-alcoholic beverages
• Reduced alcohol consumption
• Alcohol drinking behavior
• Sex difference