Valorization of hydro-distillate of fruit peels of Citrus paradisi macfad. Cultivar. Foster: Chemical profiling, antioxidant evaluation and in vitro and in silico enzyme inhibition studies
Rameen Sajid,
Zaheer Abbas,
Mamona Nazir,
Muhammad Saleem,
Naheed Riaz,
Muhammad Imran Tousif,
Saba Tauseef,
Gokhan Zengin,
Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba,
Abdullah Ijaz Hussain,
Muhammad Shaiq Ali,
Abeer Hashem,
Khalid F. Almutairi,
Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada,
Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
Affiliations
Rameen Sajid
Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Zaheer Abbas
Department of Botany, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan
Mamona Nazir
Department of Chemistry, Government Sadiq College Women University Bahawalpur, 63100 Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Muhammad Saleem
Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan; Corresponding author.
Naheed Riaz
Institute of Chemistry, Baghdad-ul-Jadeed Campus, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Muhammad Imran Tousif
Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan; Corresponding author.
Saba Tauseef
Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research., International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
Gokhan Zengin
Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, 42130 Konya, Turkey; Corresponding author.
Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Istanbul AREL University, 34537 Istanbul, Turkey
Abdullah Ijaz Hussain
Department of Chemistry, GC University Faisalabad, Pakistan
Muhammad Shaiq Ali
International Center of Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, 75270 Karachi, Pakistan
Abeer Hashem
Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Khalid F. Almutairi
Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Graciela Dolores Avila-Quezada
Facultad de Ciencias Agrotecnológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, 31350, Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico
Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
The major commercial crops in Pakistan are citrus fruit trees, which are farmed extensively and serve as the country's principal source of foreign exchange. A local citrus plant, Citrus paradisi, variety Foster is famous for its valuable fruit and fruit juice, however, tons of peels of this fruit are thrown as waste, which otherwise can be utilized in formulating nutraceutical and cosmetics. In the present study, essential oil of fruit peels was obtained through hydro-distillation, which was then analyzed through GC-MS analysis and studied for its antioxidant and enzyme inhibition potential. GCMS analysis revealed the presence of several components; major were found to be limonene, α-terpineol, caryophyllene, δ-amorphene, elemol, γ-eudesoml, nootkatone and di-isooctyl phthalate. Although, the oil showed weak free radical inhibition, it was potentially active in CUPRAC, FRAP, phosphomolybdenum and metal chelating antioxidant assays. The oil also exhibited anti-glucosidase, anti-amylase activities and also exhibited potent inhibition of the enzyme tyrosinase, which makes it strong candidate for nutraceuticals and skin care products. The docking studies also substantiate our results and caryophyllene, γ-eudesoml and nootkatone showed good binding affinity α-glucosidase and α-amylase and all tested compounds showed the higher binding affinity towards the enzyme tyrosinase.
