Sedative-Hypnotic Effect and Mechanism of Carbon Nanofiber Loaded with Essential Oils of <i>Ligusticum chuanxiong</i> (<i>Ligusticum chuanxiong</i> Hort.) and Finger Citron (<i>Citrus medica</i> L. var. <i>sarcodactylis</i>) on Mice Models of Insomnia

Abstract

(1) Background: Insomnia is a neurological illness that poses a significant threat to both physical and mental health. It results in the activation of neuroglial cells, heightened neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and disruptions in the Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal (HPA) axis. Ligusticum Chuanxiong (CX) and Finger citron (FC) are frequently utilized botanicals for addressing sleeplessness. Both herbs possess notable anti-inflammatory properties in their volatile oils. However, their effectiveness is hindered by the nasal mucosal irritation and instability they exhibit. (2) Methods: This study involved the preparation of a nanofiber composite system using carbon nanofiber (CNF) suspensions containing essential oils of Ligusticum chuanxiong–Finger citron (CXEO-FCEO-CNF). The effects and mechanisms of these essential oils in improving insomnia were investigated using an insomnia mouse model after encapsulation. (3) Results: The CXEO-FCEO-CNF had an average particle size of 103.19 ± 1.64 nm. The encapsulation rates of essential oils of Ligusticum chuanxiong (CXEO) and essential oils of Finger citron (FCEO) were 44.50% and 46.15%, respectively. This resulted in a considerable improvement in the stability of the essential oils over a period of 30 days. The essential oils effectively decreased the irritation of the nasal mucosa following encapsulation. Furthermore, CXEO-FCEO-CNF enhanced voluntary activity and sleep in mice with insomnia, notably boosted the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced the concentration of lipoxidized malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased the levels of hormones associated with the HPA axis, and regulated the levels of neurotransmitters, resulting in a beneficial therapeutic outcome. CXEO-FCEO-CNF contains a total of 23 active ingredients, such as alpha-Asarone, (E)-methyl isoeugenol, and Senkyunolide. These ingredients primarily work by modulating the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling system to decrease oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions. (4) Conclusions: This study presented initial evidence that the combination of CXEO and FCEO in nanofiber formulations effectively reduces the nasal mucosal irritation and instability of essential oils. Furthermore, it demonstrated the potential anti-neuroinflammatory and therapeutic effects of these formulations in treating insomnia. Overall, this study provides a theoretical foundation for developing new essential oil formulations derived from herbs.

Keywords

• sedative -hypnotic effects
• <i>Ligusticum chuanxiong</i> Hort essential oil
• <i>Citrus medica</i> L. var. sarcodactylis essential oil
• carbon nanofiber
• inhalation