Scabicidal Potential of Coconut Seed Extract in Rabbits via Downregulating Inflammatory/Immune Cross Talk: A Comprehensive Phytochemical/GC-MS and In Silico Proof
Eman Maher Zahran,
Nehad M. Reda Abdel-Maqsoud,
Omar. Y. Tammam,
Islam M. Abdel-Rahman,
Mahmoud A. Elrehany,
Hussain T. Bakhsh,
Faisal H. Altemani,
Naseh A. Algehainy,
Mubarak A. Alzubaidi,
Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen,
Abeer H. Elmaidomy
Affiliations
Eman Maher Zahran
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt
Nehad M. Reda Abdel-Maqsoud
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt
Omar. Y. Tammam
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt
Islam M. Abdel-Rahman
Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt
Mahmoud A. Elrehany
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt
Hussain T. Bakhsh
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Faisal H. Altemani
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
Naseh A. Algehainy
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
Mubarak A. Alzubaidi
Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 61111, Egypt
Abeer H. Elmaidomy
Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
Scabies is an invasive skin condition caused by Sarcoptes scabiei mites. The present study investigates the antiscabies potential of coconut seed extract (CSE) in rabbits. GC-MS analysis of the seed oil identified 17 known compounds, while CSE phytochemical investigation afforded 4 known ones. The topical application of seed extract improved all signs of infection, and the improvement started 3 days post application. However, in vitro application of the extract caused 99% mortality of mites 1 day post application. Histopathological examination revealed the absence of inflammatory infiltration and hyperkeratosis of the epidermis, compared with ivermectin-treated groups which revealed less improvement. The mRNA gene expression results revealed a suppression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, MMP-9, VEGF, and MCP-1, and an upregulation of I-CAM-1, KGF as well as TIMP-1. The docking analysis emphasized a strong binding of gondoic acid with IL-1β, IL-6, and VEGF with high binding scores of −5.817, −5.291, and −8.362 kcal/mol, respectively, and a high binding affinity of 3″(1‴-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-sucrose with GST with −7.24 kcal/mol. Accordingly, and for the first time, our results highlighted the scabicidal potential of coconut seed extract, which opens the gate for an efficient, cost-effective as well as herbal-based alternative for the control of scabies in rabbits.
