Efficient and Controllable Synthesis of 1-Aminoanthraquinone via High-Temperature Ammonolysis Using Continuous-Flow Method
Feng Zhou,
Lei Cai,
Wenjie Ye,
Kai Zhu,
Jin Li,
Yanxing Li,
Weichuan Xu,
Pan Wang,
Chuansong Duanmu
Affiliations
Feng Zhou
National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
Lei Cai
National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
Wenjie Ye
National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
Kai Zhu
China Construction Industrial & Energy Engineering Group Co., Ltd., 6 Wenlan Road, Qixia District, Nanjing 210023, China
Jin Li
National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
Yanxing Li
National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
Weichuan Xu
National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
Pan Wang
National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
Chuansong Duanmu
National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Deep Utilization Technology of Rock-Salt Resource, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China
Anthraquinone dyes are the second most important type of dyes after azo dyes. In particular, 1-aminoanthraquinone has been extensively utilized in the preparation of diverse anthraquinone dyes. This study employed a continuous-flow method to synthesize 1-aminoanthraquinone safely and efficiently through the ammonolysis of 1-nitroanthraquinone at high temperatures. Various conditions (reaction temperature, residence time, molar ratio of ammonia to 1-nitroanthraquinone (M-ratio), and water content) were investigated to explore the details of the ammonolysis reaction behavior. Operation conditions for the continuous-flow ammonolysis were optimized using Box–Behnken design in the response surface methodology, and ~88% yield of 1-aminoanthraquinone could be achieved with an M-ratio of 4.5 at 213 °C and 4.3 min. The developed process’s reliability was evaluated by performing a 4 h process stability test. The kinetic behavior for the preparation of 1-aminoanthraquinone was investigated under continuous-flow mode to guide the reactor design and to gain a deeper understanding of the ammonolysis process.
