Advanced-stage breast cancer diagnosis and its determinants in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract

Abstract Introduction Worldwide, breast cancer is the primary cause of illness and death. Unless early detected and treated breast cancer is a life-threatening tumor. Advanced-stage presentation is greatly linked with short survival time and increased mortality rates. In Ethiopia nationally summarized evidence on the level of advanced-stage breast cancer diagnosis is scarce. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to determine the pooled prevalence of advanced-stage breast cancer diagnosis and its determinants in Ethiopia. Method By following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out. To include relevant publications, a broad literature search was conducted in the African Online Journal, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase which are published until last search date; June 15, 2023. To prevent further duplication this review was registered in PROSPERO database with ID no of CRD42023435096. To determine the pooled prevalence, a weighted inverse variance random effect model was applied. I2 statistics and the Cochrane Q-test were computed to determine heterogeneity. To evaluate publication bias, a funnel plot, and Egger’s regression test were used. Result A total of 924 articles were sought and finally 20 articles were included in this review. The pooled prevalence of advanced-stage breast cancer diagnosis in Ethiopia was 72.56% (95%CI; 68.46-76.65%). Use of traditional medicine as first choice (AOR = 1.32, 95% CI: (1.13–1.55)), delay of > 3 months in seeking care (AOR = 1.24, 95% CI: (1.09–1.41)), diagnosis or health system delay of > 2 months (AOR = 1.27, 95% CI: (1.11–1.46)), rural residence (AOR = 2.04, 95% CI: (1.42 − 2.92)), and chief complaint of a painless breast lump (AOR = 2.67, 95% CI: (1.76–4.06)) were significantly associated to advanced-stage diagnosis. Conclusion In Ethiopia, more than two-thirds of breast cancer cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage. Use of traditional medicine before diagnostic confirmation, delay in seeking care, health system delay, rural residence, and chief complaint of painless breast lump were positively associated with an advanced-stage diagnosis. Policymakers and program designers give great focus to those delays so as to seek and access modern diagnosis and treatment as early as possible specifically focusing on those who are rurally residing.

Keywords

• Breast cancer
• Delayed diagnosis
• Advanced-stage cancer
• Cancer diagnosis
• Ethiopia