[Final accepted version, unedited] Antimicrobial resistance surveillance system mapping in different countries

Abstract

Objectives Excessive use of antibiotics has extensively increased antimicrobial resistance worldwide which is the major public concern among the countries. To control this threat proper monitoring of the antimicrobial usage with the increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is required. Moreover, alternatives for antibiotics are surveyed and are being researched for quick use in the future. Thus, intervention of multisector is highly encouraged for better outcomes. In this research paper, six different European countries are discussed in terms of antimicrobial usage and AMR in the human and livestock sectors with the help of literature study and various reports published by different organizations. Methods Data study has been conducted to collect the data for comparison study. Data sources of AMR and antimicrobial usage are analyzed and a thorough comparison of both antimicrobial use and AMR are conducted. Results This article provides surveillance systems that are formed to keep a track on the upcoming situation of AMR and the consumption of antimicrobials by the humans as well as animals. The article firmly allows the readers to get acknowledged with the broad information about the antimicrobial resistance across the six countries of Europe. These annual reports have highly helped the government to decide for alternatives and have focused in many training activities to combat the AMR situation globally. Conclusion As antibiotic resistance genes persist on an interface between environment and animal and animal health, an approach is required in all three areas that stress the concept of ‘One Approach to Health’.

Keywords

• Alternative Antibiotics
• AMR
• Comparative Medicine
• One Health Approach
• Phage Therapy
• Surveillance