Viruses (Feb 2022)

Diphyllin Shows a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Activity against Multiple Medically Important Enveloped RNA and DNA Viruses

  • Michal Štefánik,
  • Dattatry Shivajirao Bhosale,
  • Jan Haviernik,
  • Petra Straková,
  • Martina Fojtíková,
  • Lucie Dufková,
  • Ivana Huvarová,
  • Jiří Salát,
  • Jan Bartáček,
  • Jan Svoboda,
  • Miloš Sedlák,
  • Daniel Růžek,
  • Andrew D. Miller,
  • Luděk Eyer

DOI
https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020354
Journal volume & issue
Vol. 14, no. 2
p. 354

Abstract

Read online

Diphyllin is a natural arylnaphtalide lignan extracted from tropical plants of particular importance in traditional Chinese medicine. This compound has been described as a potent inhibitor of vacuolar (H+)ATPases and hence of the endosomal acidification process that is required by numerous enveloped viruses to trigger their respective viral infection cascades after entering host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Accordingly, we report here a revised, updated, and improved synthesis of diphyllin, and demonstrate its antiviral activities against a panel of enveloped viruses from Flaviviridae, Phenuiviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Herpesviridae families. Diphyllin is not cytotoxic for Vero and BHK-21 cells up to 100 µM and exerts a sub-micromolar or low-micromolar antiviral activity against tick-borne encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, Zika virus, Rift Valley fever virus, rabies virus, and herpes-simplex virus type 1. Our study shows that diphyllin is a broad-spectrum host cell-targeting antiviral agent that blocks the replication of multiple phylogenetically unrelated enveloped RNA and DNA viruses. In support of this, we also demonstrate that diphyllin is more than just a vacuolar (H+)ATPase inhibitor but may employ other antiviral mechanisms of action to inhibit the replication cycles of those viruses that do not enter host cells by endocytosis followed by low pH-dependent membrane fusion.

Keywords