Randomized Response Techniques: A Systematic Review from the Pioneering Work of Warner (1965) to the Present

Abstract

The randomized response technique is one of the most commonly used indirect questioning methods to collect data on sensitive characteristics in survey research covering a wide variety of statistical applications including, e.g., behavioral science, socio-economic, psychological, epidemiology, biomedical, and public health research disciplines. After nearly six decades since the technique was invented, many improvements of the randomized response techniques have appeared in the literature. This work provides several different aspects of improvements of the original randomized response work of Warner, as well as statistical methods used in the RR problems.

Keywords

• indirect questioning
• non-randomized response technique
• randomized response technique
• sensitive attribute
• statistical methods