Ecological impacts of ballast water loading and discharge: insight into the toxicity and accumulation of disinfection by-products
Setyo Budi Kurniawan,
Dwi Sasmita Aji Pambudi,
Mahasin Maulana Ahmad,
Benedicta Dian Alfanda,
Muhammad Fauzul Imron,
Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
Affiliations
Setyo Budi Kurniawan
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Dwi Sasmita Aji Pambudi
Study Program of Marine Electrical Engineering, Department of Marine Electrical Engineering, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Jalan Teknik Kimia, Kampus ITS Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
Mahasin Maulana Ahmad
Study Program of Piping Engineering, Department of Marine Engineering, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Jalan Teknik Kimia, Kampus ITS Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
Benedicta Dian Alfanda
Study Program of Marine Engineering, Department of Marine Engineering, Politeknik Perkapalan Negeri Surabaya, Jalan Teknik Kimia, Kampus ITS Keputih, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Indonesia
Muhammad Fauzul Imron
Study Program of Environmental Engineering, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C UNAIR, Jalan Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; Corresponding author.
Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah
Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; Corresponding author.
Since the implementation of the International Maritime Organization 2004 regulation, most ships have been equipped with on-dock ballast water treatment. While this method is effective in solving the invasive alien species problem, concerns are raised due to the potential release of disinfection by-products (DBPs) as the result of the chemical treatment. This review paper aims to summarize the history of ballast water management (BWM) and the currently used on-dock technology. Chlorination, oxidation, and ozonation are highlighted as the most currently applied methods to treat ballast water on-dock. This paper then focuses on the potential release of toxic DBPs as the result of the selected corresponding treatment methods. Tri-halo methane, haloacetic acid, and several acetic acid-related compounds are emphasized as toxic DBPs with concentrations reaching more than 10 μg/L. The potential toxicities of DBPs, including acute toxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and mutagenicity, to aquatic organisms, are then discussed in detail. Future research directions related to the advanced treatment of DBPs before final discharge and analysis of DBPs in coastal sediments, which are barely studied at present, are suggested to enhance the current knowledge on the fate and the ecological impact of BWM.
