Advancements in Understanding and Classifying Chronic Orofacial Pain: Key Insights from Biopsychosocial Models and International Classifications (ICHD-3, ICD-11, ICOP)
Federica Canfora,
Giulia Ottaviani,
Elena Calabria,
Giuseppe Pecoraro,
Stefania Leuci,
Noemi Coppola,
Mattia Sansone,
Katia Rupel,
Matteo Biasotto,
Roberto Di Lenarda,
Michele Davide Mignogna,
Daniela Adamo
Affiliations
Federica Canfora
Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 5 Via Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
Giulia Ottaviani
Department of Surgical, Medical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 447 Strada di Fiume, 34149 Trieste, Italy
Elena Calabria
Dentistry Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
Giuseppe Pecoraro
Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 5 Via Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
Stefania Leuci
Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 5 Via Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
Noemi Coppola
Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 5 Via Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
Mattia Sansone
Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 5 Via Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
Katia Rupel
Department of Surgical, Medical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 447 Strada di Fiume, 34149 Trieste, Italy
Matteo Biasotto
Department of Surgical, Medical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 447 Strada di Fiume, 34149 Trieste, Italy
Roberto Di Lenarda
Department of Surgical, Medical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 447 Strada di Fiume, 34149 Trieste, Italy
Michele Davide Mignogna
Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 5 Via Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
Daniela Adamo
Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 5 Via Pansini, 80131 Naples, Italy
In exploring chronic orofacial pain (COFP), this review highlights its global impact on life quality and critiques current diagnostic systems, including the ICD-11, ICOP, and ICHD-3, for their limitations in addressing COFP’s complexity. Firstly, this study outlines the global burden of chronic pain and the importance of distinguishing between different pain types for effective treatment. It then delves into the specific challenges of diagnosing COFP, emphasizing the need for a more nuanced approach that incorporates the biopsychosocial model. This review critically examines existing classification systems, highlighting their limitations in fully capturing COFP’s multifaceted nature. It advocates for the integration of these systems with the DSM-5’s Somatic Symptom Disorder code, proposing a unified, multidisciplinary diagnostic approach. This recommendation aims to improve chronic pain coding standardization and acknowledge the complex interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in COFP. In conclusion, here, we highlight the need for a comprehensive, universally applicable classification system for COFP. Such a system would enable accurate diagnosis, streamline treatment strategies, and enhance communication among healthcare professionals. This advancement holds potential for significant contributions to research and patient care in this challenging field, offering a broader perspective for scientists across disciplines.
