Монголоведение (Dec 2022)
Administrative and Territorial Structure of Kalmyk Steppe within Astrakhan Governorate, 19th – Early 20th Centuries: A Historiographical and Source Review
Abstract
Introduction. The article provides data on the territory of Kalmyk Steppe and its uluses in relation to the uyezd system of Astrakhan Governorate, outlines features of the former’s administrative structure in relation to the territorial component of public management, and examines historiography of the research issue. Materials. The paper investigates statistical digests, geographical reference books on the territorial composition of Astrakhan Governorate, including Kalmyk Steppe, its area, and ulus structure. Special attention is paid to certain legislative provisions of the Russian Empire concerning the governance of Astrakhan Kalmyks and the ulus administrative system. The work also introduces scholars’ opinions on the status of Kalmyk Steppe as part of Astrakhan Governorate, evolution of administrative governance in the 19th to early 20th centuries. Results. The question of how Kalmyk Steppe used to be classified in statistical and reference publications of the Russian Empire requires further investigation. In some cases, Kalmyk Steppe is designated as part of Astrakhan Governorate to be accompanied by a note that it is incorporated into uyezds of the province, and an indication of its total area. In other cases, there is no mention of the territory at all. This may have resulted from the administrative reforms in Kalmyk Steppe and, in general, changed approaches to Astrakhan Kalmyk people’s governance during the identified period. Nikolay Palmov’s viewpoint that the early 19th-century decrees had allotted the lands to the Kalmyk people to be fully owned by and thus constitute legitimate property of the latter is worth noticing in terms of scholarly research. The official position reflected in government documents and expressed in writings of Russian officials of the examined period states that the lands had been allotted for use and distributed by each ulus individually, i.e. never formed a single whole. So, even if one takes into account that the Kalmyks were governed by a special administrative department which was under the jurisdiction of the country’s ministerial system, there is practically no mention of the uyezd level in administrative/territorial structure of the Governorate, nor there are any essential prescriptions regarding correlation between the latter and the ulus system. This also remains understudied in Russian historiography.
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