Prevalence and Associated Factors of PTSD Symptoms After the COVID-19 Epidemic Outbreak in an Online Survey in China: The Age and Gender Differences Matter

Abstract

Jiankai Mao,1,* Chaoyue Wang,2,3,* Chao Teng,4,* Mengpu Wang,2,3 Siyao Zhou,2 Ke Zhao,2 Xiangming Ye,5 Yijia Wang6 1Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Psychiatry, School of Mental Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China; 3The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China; 4The 4th Clinical College of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 5Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China; 6Wenzhou Seventh People’s Hospital, Wenzhou, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Xiangming Ye; Yijia Wang, Email [email protected]; [email protected]: The COVID-19 is a highly contagious disease belonging to the family of coronaviruses which can affect a great deal of people shortly. As a devastating event in the world, many people suffer the PTSD from this severe disease. The aim of study is to explore the prevalence and severity of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, and discuss the possible factors among the general public in China after the COVID-19 epidemic outbreak.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. We used the self-designed demographic questionnaire and the Posttraumatic Stress Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) of Chinese version as our screening tools to investigate 4872 subjects living in the communities in China from Nov. 8th, 2020 to Dec. 8th, 2020.Results: Finally, we received 3705 effective respondents. The response rates of the questionnaire can reach 76.97 percentage. Peculiarly, the prevalence of PTSD mild and severe symptoms after the COVID-19 epidemic outbreak was 53.2%. Mild PTSD symptoms accounted for 24.9%, and severe PTSD symptoms (scores above 38) accounted for 28.3%. PCL-C mean scores were 41.4± 14.7. The females accounted for 67.7% of the total samples. Participants’ mean age was 30.5± 11.2 years old. The PCL-C gross scores of females were all higher than males in four subject groups. Meantime, gender and age made differences not only in total PCL-C points but also in the four aspects of PCL-C (P< 0.001). The middle-aged group (ages from 45 to 60) got the lowest scores among the four groups.Conclusion: COVID-19 brought tremendous psychological pressure on the public in many ways, including people’s work, social contact, study, and daily life. Results of our research discover that symptoms of the PTSD are severe, including the re-experiencing, avoidance/numbing, flashbacks, and hyper-arousal. Actions should be taken at society level to prevent and protect individuals from PTSD suffering. Special attention should be paid to females and young people. Further studies should be conducted to explore the dynamic and other risk and protection factors to prevent PTSD.Keywords: COVID-19, post-traumatic stress symptoms, mental health, age, female

Keywords

• covid-19
• post-traumatic stress symptoms
• mental health
• age
• female